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Scientific Manual 



PATENT LAW COMPLETE. 



■oOo 



PECK & MIATT, 



135 CLARK STREET, 



CHICAGO, I1>X 



INVENTORS^ k MECHANICS' 



Scientific Manual 



AND 



PATENT LAW COMPLETE. 



V 




/ 




published by 

The Western Union Patent Agency, 

"peck & MIATT, 

135 Clark Street, Chicago. 



laji . 



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^ 



^^^^ 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1871, by 

PECK & MIATT, 

In the ofiQce of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. 0. 




TO OUR 



INVENTIVE FRIENDS 



IN THE WEST. 




We have compiled this little book to 
afford a convenient reference in patent 
and scientific matters for the benefit of 
the large and ever increasing class 
referred to,^a class which is doing 
more to advance the material pros- 
perity of our country than any other. 

We believe it will be acceptable to very many by answering 
for them many questions which would otherwise cause much 
trouble and expense to decide. It will also save us writing 
numberless long letters upon the subjects here treated of. 
Though we are ever ready to respond without charge in regard 
to any matter not fully discussed in these pages, still, if any 
one receives this book with a passage marked which fully 
answers his inquiry, we trust he will feel just as well satisfied 
with the answer as if it was written out. 

The inventive talent of the West is being more and more 
largely employed ; the harvest already reaped is rich in results, 
but the field has only just begun to reveal its extent, and it 
widens out before those who are looking eagerly to it with 
ever more inviting prospects. The truth is, most of us are 
just beginning to learn how to invent, and that there are bet- 
ter opportunities in this field to acquire rapid and honorable 



wealtli and distinction than in almost any other. There can be 
no more honorable, work than that of invention. Every step 
made in the saving of time and in producing new and valuable 
effects means a certain amount of advance in the progress of 
civilization. When we have so far controlled material forces as 
to produce twice as much in the same time as is now produced, 
and also do it twice as well, we shall have gained an advantage 
which will be apparent in added comforts to almost every home 
in the land. Our fathers worked more hours and harder than 
we for smaller material results ; our grandfathers received still 
less for their still harder toil. It is our desire to be of assist- 
ance in every way we can in helping on this general progress. 

What has stimulated inventive genius especially in this 
country is the assurance which the laws give that every man 
shall have the sole right to whatever he originates for a con- 
siderable length of time, and this at little expense of money 
or time in obtaining the official guarantee of the government. 

It is our especial part to see that the inventor has his inven- 
tion secured to him in the most complete and advantageous 
manner. 

Whatever facilities a long education in, and fondness for the 
work gives us, we offer to our many old and also our many 
prospective friends, promising them that aside from our regular 
charges in doing their work, we will gladly, and without 
charge, be of any assistance that we can in adding to, or 
informing them in any respect about, their devices. 



Ratio of the hardness of metals : Iron, 1 ; platina, 2 ; 
copper, 3 ; silver, 4 ; gold, 5 ; tin, 6 ; lead, 7. 



The difference in time between high tide averages about 49 
minutes each day. 



All woods are from seven to twenty times stronger trans- 
versely than longitudinally. They become stronger both ways 
when dry. 




NATURE AND EFFECT OF A PATENT. 

When one has perfected, in his 
own mind, some design of utility 
or beauty, the first thought is, 
I ought to be rewarded for this 
honest and skillful work, which 
is of such real worth. This 
result of the employment of my 
brain and time ought to be 
paid for by those who receive 
the benefit of it. Each who uses it to his or her advantage can 
well aiFord to pay me for providing it for them. It is for this 
exact want the governments of most enlightened countries have 
provided some form of Patent Right, which insures to the inven- 
tor the control and ownership of his invention for a limited time, 
which time is supposed to be sufficient for him in which to 
acquire the dae reward of his exertions and skill. 

In the United States the laws are more favorable to the 
inventor than in any other country. The fees for granting the 
patent are small, and there are no government annuities after- 
ward to pay, while the protection to the inventor, so far as the 
law is concerned, is as ample as it can well be. The real 
value of the patent will, of course, depend upon the skill and 
knowledge with which the application has been prepared, but 
on any given patent the United States laws will always inter- 
pret in favor of the inventor where there is doubt upon any 
point. The provision is now so ample that any new form, 
device, or composition, can be secured to the originator under 
one of the following divisions, namely, a mechanical patent^ 
a patent of design, a trademark, or a copyright. 

Whoever neglects to avail himself of the provisions of the 
law — covering, as it does, every case — to retain to himself 
the benefit of the many new and bright ideas which suggest 
themselves to him, and allows the public generally, or per- 
haps some other inventor, to reap the benefits he might have 



enjoyed, has no one but himself to blame. And next, in lack of 
wisdom, to the man who neglects his opportunities, is he who goes 
before the Patent Office with a poorly or faultily prepared 
application. Xo money is better expended on an invention 
than that which is employed to have ths application prepared 
in the best manner possible, so that technical delays and rejec- 
tions may be avoided, and the patent issue in the best form to 
protect the inventor. This is where the skillful and experienced 
solicitor, who takes a real interest in the case, can be bene- 
ficially employed. We cannot do better than quote here the 
words of the late Commissioner of Patents, Hon, S. S. Fisher: 
"Inventors," he says, "are often poor, uneducated, and 
lacking in legal knowledge. They desire a cheap solicitor, and 
do not know how to choose a good one. They are pleased with 
the parchment and the seal, and are not themselves able to 
judge of the scope or value of the grant. Honest and skillful 
solicitors, with a thorough knowledge of the practice of the 
office and of patent law, and who are willing to advise their 
clients as to the exact value of the patents which they can 
obtain for them, may be of much service to inventors. There 
are many such, but those who care for nothing but to give 
them something called a patent, that they may secure their 
own fee, have, in too many instances, proved a curse. To get 
rid of their client and trouble they have sometimes been con- 
tent to take less than he was entitled to. While in many cases 
they have, with much self laudation, presented him with the 
shadow Avhen the substance was beyond his reach. Between 
such men and the office the strife is constant." 

This puts the whole matter in a nutshell, and is good advice 
to those inventors who are inclined to think that every one Avho 
may call himself a patent solicitor is eligible to that business. 
It is a profession which requires a combination of different 
qualities from those demanded in ordinary business, and it is 
only those who concentrate all their powers upon it who are 
really competent to do the work. 

We may say to those who have not yet employed us, that we 
have never lost a client to our knowledge, and that we have 



seldom failed to draw forth expressions of satisfaction, and 
often of thanks, for incidental assistance rendered them without 
charge in perfecting their inventions, or in securing patents 
where previous applications on the same subject had been 
rejected. Any inquirj'- may be addressed, with freedom, to 
Peck & Miatt, corner of Clark and Madison streets, 
Chicago, 111. 



The assignee of every invention may have the patent issue 
to him directly, when he is the purchaser of the entire interest ; 
or the patent may issue in the joint names of the inventor and 
assignee, the inventor himself being one of the assignees. 



The application must be made by the actual inventor, if 
alive ; but if the inventor be dead, it may be made by his 
executors. 



The model must be neatly and substantially made of durable 
material, and not more than one foot in length or height. 



A WORKING model is always desirable to enable the ofl&ce to 
determine its precise operation. The name of the inventor 
and also of the assignee, if assigned, but be fixed upon it in a 
permanent manner. 



No application can be examined, nor can the case be placed 
on file for examination, until the fee is paid. 



What is really embraced in the original invention, and so 
described or shown that it might have been embraced in the 
original patent, may be the subject of a re-issue. 



The mere fact of prior invention abroad will not prevent the 
granting of a patent, unless the invention had been described in 
some printed publication. 



Every assignment should be recorded in the Patent Of&ce 
within three months from its date= 



ON THE CHARACTER OF INVENTIONS. 




The question 
is often asked 
us, what sort 
of an inven- 
tion pays the 
best? Our reply 
always is, the 
^__ ^ _ _ devising of some 

^^2^^*^^^^^^^^^^=^- simple thing 

that is universally needed, will bring the most rapid and pro- 
portionately the largest returns. The great inventions which 
require a long time to perfect and a long time to introduce, 
such as the telegraph, the steam engine, the vulcanizing of 
India rubber, etc., though they bring great fortunes and great 
names in the end, require a much greater expenditure of 
patience in giving proportionate results. 

The small inventions pay the best, and nothing is too small 
to patent and to make money on, provided there is a sufficiently 
extensive use for it. 

We are always ready to give our correspondents a careful 
opinion in regard to the value or novelty of any invention, as 
nearly as we can judge without taking too much time to look 
it up. When a special search or study is required $5 should 
be enclosed, that we may be able to afford sufficient time to the 
questions, to give them an exhaustive answer if the inquiries are 
such as to make that possible. 



When the patent is applied for here, after being obtained 
abroad, it will extend only fourteen years from the date of the 
foreign patent. 



If old materials and old principles are used in a state of 
combination to produce a new result, the inventor may obtain 
a valid patent for such result. 



WHILE THE INVENTION IS BEING 
PERFECTED. 




It is oftentimes of great importance to have 
the invention protected while it is being tested 
or while the details of its working are being 
more fully finished. To give inventors every 
opportunity in this respect the law provides 
the caveat. The protection this afi'ords is, 
to be sure, limited, but it is immediate. 
During its existence it prevents the issue of 
a patent for a similar device to any other 
person for at least three months after the caveator is officially 
notified that an application for a patent on his device or com- 
position has been made. When the caveator files his applica- 
tion for a patent an interference may be declared by the Patent 
Office, in which case it is necessary to take proof as to who 
was the first inventor of what is equally claimed by both. 
The caveat is granted for one year, but may be indefinitely 
extended by paying the requisite fee of $10 at the end of each 
year. 

The first cost of a caveat through the Western Union Patent 
Agency is $20, which includes the government fee and all 
charges. This is for an ordinary case. Where more than the 
usual amount of time is required in the preparation of the 
specification and drawings, the charge will be $25. 

Caveats receive precedence over other business, and when 
specially requested we can have the papers ready to send to 
the inventor for his signature and affidavit by return mail. 
All that is required for us to properly prepare a caveat is a 
sufficient sketch or photograph to give the idea distinctly, and 
a general description with especial reference to the features it 
is desired to claim. Part of the fee, say $10, should also be 
sent at the same time as the sketch. No model is required. 



10 



PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS. 



It is frequently desirable to 
have a preliminary examination 
in the Patent Office, to show 
whether the invention is novel 
and patentable. As our charge 
for this service is only $5 (in 
advance), we usually advise it 
in all doubtful cases. If the 
search shows that nothing 
already exists to prevent the 
issue of a patent, the results of 
the examination will be of ad- 
vantage to us in drawing up the 
application ; and, if on the other hand, some previous inven- 
tion is found to cover the same ground, the application fees, 
amounting to $45, will have been saved to the inventor. This 
examination will test the question of novelty, with the excep- 
tion of caveats in the confidential archives of the Patent 
Office, a pending application before the office, a rejected appli- 
cation or the existence of a printed description of the inven- 
tion. On receiving from our Washington office the written 
report of the search, we forward it, together with a sketch of 
any similar device which may exist, to our correspondent. 




When an application has been rejected, the inventor may 
manufacture his invention for two years, with the privilege of 
renewing his application within that time, if he so desires. 



Correspondents will please write their post-office address in 
plain, unmistakeable hand, at the bottom of their letter. 



Models should be forwarded by express, and must invariably 
be prepaid. 



11 



THE PATENT. 




The inventor, having so far perfected his 
idea that further delay seems inadvisable for 
the sake of greater perfection, before intro- 
ducing it to the public and seeking a sub- 
stantial return for his skill, looks eagerly to 
securing his patent. Upon the character of 
this will probably depend much of the suc- 
cess or failure of his invention when brought 
to the touchstone of public use. If his 
device is faultily or insufficiently or ambiguously embodied in 
the patent, it Avill probably be discovered by those interested, 
and litigation instead of profits may accrue to the owner. Too 
much care cannot, therefore, be taken to secure the most com- 
petent assistance in the preparation of the aj)plication. A 
re-issue may correct a previously defective patent, but that is 
paying for the patent twice over. 

By the law of July 8, 1870, the official fees are made the same 
to all, without distinction of nationality. Patents are also granted 
on the same terms to women, minors, and executors or 
administrators. 

The entire cost of an ordinary patent, when secured through 
us, is about $65. When an extra amount of time and labor are 
involved, a moderate charge, in accordance with the time, will 
necessarily be added, but we are rarely obliged to exceed the 
amount named. Of the $65, $17 is for first government fee, 
stamp and express, $20 for second government fee, leaving 
from $25 to $28 for our services in preparing the case, in pre- 
senting it at Washington, and in attending to its passage through 
the Patent Office. 

We quote from the Patent Office rules as follows: "The 
personal attendance of the applicant at the Patent Office is 
unnecessary. The business can be done by correspondence or 
by attorney, and as the value of patents largely depends upon 



12 

the careful preparation of specifications and claims, the assist- 
ance of competent counsel will in most cases be of advantage 
to the applicant." 

When the model is ready — if the invention can be represented 
by a model — send it by express to us, Peck & Miatt, corner 
Clark and Madison streets, Chicago, 111., inclosing also an 
explanation of the working of the invention and of the parti- 
cular features which it is desired to claim in the patent. Send 
also, at the same time, in a separate package, by express or by 
mail, in the form of a draft or postal order, the amount of the 
first government fee, $17. On receipt of the case, as above, we 
will proceed immediately to prepare the drawing, specification, 
etc., and as soon as ready will forward the papers to the inven- 
tor for his signature and oath, accompanied also by our bill as 
attorneys in the case. 

It will thus be seen that the cost of making an application 
for a patent is about $45. If the patent is allowed, a second 
government fee of $20 is to be paid before it will issue. 

The inventor should give his name in full. 



The inventor or inventors must sign the petition and claims, 
the latter to be attested by two witnesses ; also take the required 
oath before some authorized person. 



According to a good authority — Wheatstone — an electric 
spark travels through a copper wire at the rate of 280,000 
miles in a second. 



The area of a circle is ascertained by multiplying the square 
of its diameter by the decimal .7854, or by multiplying the 
circumference by the radius (half diameter) and dividing the 
product by 2. 



Sound travels in a still atmosphere at the rate of 1,120 feet 
per second ; so that the distance of a thunder cloud may be 
known by multiplying the time in seconds between the flash 
and the report by 1,120. 




13 



PATENTS OF DESIGN. 

A Patent of design will be granted 
to any person without distinction of 
nationality who, by his own genius, 
efforts or expense, has invented or 
produced any new pattern for the 
printing of woolen, silk, cotton or 
other fabrics ; any original design for a bust, statue, etc.; for 
any impression, ornament, print, or picture, to be printed, 
painted, or otherwise worked into any article of manufacture ; 
in fact, in any new and useful, or ornamental shape or configura- 
tion of any article of manufacture. 

Patents for designs are granted for three and a half years, 
for seven years, and for fourteen years. 

The whole cost of the patents, inclusive of our fees, are 

For three and a half years S20 

For seven years 25 

For fourteen years .o 40 

We require, to prepare the application for a design patent, the 
design itself, or if it can be shown distinctly by a photograph, 
two photographs (unmounted), together with the negative, and 
the name of the applicant. At the time of forwarding the design, 
which will generally be best done by express (prepaid), writ- 
ten directions should also be inclosed referring to those features 
which it is desired to cover in the patent, and also one-half the 
fee of $20, S25, or $40, according to the length of time for 
which the patent is desired. As soon as we can properly pre- 
pare the necessary papers, they will be sent to the applicant for 
his signature and oath ; and the other half of the fee will then 
be dae. When the application, with the proper signatures, is 
received, we forward it immediately to the Patent Office. An 
examination is there made, and if no conflicting design is found 
to exist, a patent is issued. 



14 



MODELS. 




Every applicant for j 
law to furnish a model 



, patent is required by 
in all cases where the 
invention can be wholly or in part illustrated in 
that way. Where the invention is an improve- 
ment on some known form or device, a working 
model of the whole will be unnecessary, but 
the working of the improvement should be dis- 
tinctly shown. The dimensions of the model should not exceed 
twelve inches in any direction, and the material composing it 
should be of hard wood or metal, and the whole neatly exe- 
cuted. The name of the inventor and of the assignee (if 
assigned), and also the title of the invention, must be affixed 
upon it in a permanent manner. If two patents are to be taken 
on different parts of the same subject, a separate model for 
each will be required. 

If the invention consists of a new composition, mixture or 
product, samples of the ingredients composing the compound 
should be furnished in sufficient quantities to make a specimen 
of the compound if desired, and these ingredients should be 
neatly done up and labeled. Almost all kinds of medical com- 
pounds, and useful mixtures of every description, are patentable. 
A very careful statement of the proportions of ingredients 
must accompany the same. 

As a convenience to our patrons, we have made special 
arrangements for obtaining models to the best advantage in 
regard to both time and cost, and offer to procure them for 
those who cannot themselves obtain them so conveniently or 
cheaply. When a model is ordered, our friends will please to 
inclose a sketch or sufficiently distinct description to give us a 
clear idea of what is necessary, and, say $5, in addition to 
the $17, which would be required if the model had been sent. 



Gutta-percha is readily dissolved by benzole, alcohol and 
bisulphuret of carbon. 




15 



TRADE-MARKS. 

Any person, firm or corporation, resident 
in the United States or any foreign country 
which, by treaty or convention, affords 
similar privileges to citizens of this country, 
and who are entitled to the exclusive use of 
any lawful trade-mark, may obtain protection for such trade- 
mark by complying with the official requirements. 

It is necessary that affidavit be made by the applicant or 
some member of the firm or officer of the corporation that the 
party claiming protection for the trade-mark has an exclusive 
right to the use of the same, and that the description and fac 
similes presented for record are true copies of the trade-mark 
sought to be protected. 

No proposed trade-mark will be received which cannot be a 
a lawful trade-mark, or which is merely the name of a person or 
^'^ P firm, unaccompanied by a mark sufficient to distinguish it from 
the same name when used by other persons, or which is identi- 
cal with a trade-mark appropriate to the same class of mer- 
chandise, and belonging to a different owner, and already 
registered, or which so nearly resembles such last mentioned 
trade-mark as to be likely to deceive the public ; but any lawful 
trade-mark already lawfully in use may be recorded. 

The length of time which trade-marks remain in force is 
thirty years, and they may be extended for thirty years addi- 
tional, except when claimed for and applied to articles not 
manufactured in this country, and in which it received protec- 
tion under the laws of a foreign country for a shorter period, 
in which case it will cease to have force in this country at the 
same time that it becomes of no effect elsewhere. 

The use of trade-marks is assignable. The assignment must 
be recorded within sixty days after its execution. 

Certified copies of any trade-mark we can always obtain. 
The cost of securing protection to a trade-mark is $35, of 
which $25 is for government fee, and $10 for our services. 



16 

Our correspondents who desire this protection will need to 
send us their full names, residence, and place of business, to 
state the class of merchandise and the particular description 
of goods in connection with which the trade-mark is to be used. 
Also, to describe the particular mode in which the trade-mark 
has been and is intended to be used, and to mention whether or 
not it has been in use, and if so, how long a time, and lastly, 
to inclose us six copies of the trade-mark. The fee of $35, 
in full for all expenses, should be inclosed at the same time 
with the order. On receiving the above directions, and fee, we 
will immediately prepare the petition, declaration, etc., and 
forward to the applicant for his signature and oath, and shortly 
after receiving the papers again will send the official certificate 
of protection. 

The trade-mark furnishes the best and most ready means of 
protection to any article when a mechanical or design patent is 
not required or cannot be obtained. 



If a piece of timber that has been for a long time exposed to 
water be brought into the air and dried, it will become brittle 
and useless. 



The area of an ellipsis is found by multiplying the long 
diameter by the short diameter and dividing the result by the 
decimal .7854. 



The application must be made by the actual inventor, if 
alive, even if the patent is to issue or re-issue to an assignee ; 
but where the inventor is dead, the application and oath may 
be made by the executor or administrator. 



JoiXT inventors are entitled to a joint patent ; neither can 
one claim separately ; but independent inventors of separate 
improvements in the same machine cannot obtain a joint patent 
for their separate inventions ; nor does the fact that one man 
furnishes the capital and the other makes the invention, entitle 
them to take out a joint patent. 



17 



PATENTS TO WOMEN AND MINORS. 

^^^p=^^ As before stated, women and 

A^nU// /ji^^\D^^^^^ minors may obtain mechanical 

^,^:^ l^^i ^^^^ ^^^ and design patents, trade-marks 

Wi^^^^^ ^^ ^ ^^^^^ ^^ as to age or sex, and we are 
^P^ ^ x J^^^^^^ ^^^S^ pleased to see that both women 
^^^^j^^J^jf ^ and young America are more and 

more improving their opportunities in producing good and 
valuable inventions. For the ready talent of both there is 
ample field. 

We have often thought how much of value might have been 
created already if the ready wit and subtle intellect of women 
had been applied to the subject of invention. It is also emi- 
nently desirable that those who hope to attain to success of the 
best kind in inventing should habituate their minds to the 
necessary study, observation and habits of thought while 
young. The inventive faculties are largely educative. There 
are thousands who are now dragging out a life of toil and 
poverty who, if they had applied their minds to studying and 
thinking of what was about them, would some time have 
hit upon an improvement or invention which would have 
changed their poverty to competency and perhaps distinction. 
This leads us to say that there are many persons who think 
they have no inventive talent. In most cases it is as if a man 
who did know the alphabet should say that he had no talent 
for rhetoric. As in other things, some people undoubtedly have 
superior gifts in this direction as compared with others, but 
we believe there is no set of faculties susceptible of more 
enlargement than those involving invention. 



Rule 23 of the Patent Office says : " Applicants are advised 
to employ competent artists to make the drawings, which will 
be returned if not executed in strict conformity with these 
rules, or if injured by folding." 



18 



COPYRIGHTS. 




Any citizen of, or resident in the 
United States, who is the author, 
designer or proprietor of any book, 
map, chart, engraving, cut, print, 
photograph or negative thereof, or 
of a painting, drawing, chromo, 
statue or statuary, a dramatic or 
musical composition, or designs or models, intended to be per- 
fected as works of the fine arts, may obtain a copyright thereon. 
But a copyright cannot be had unless the title or description is 
recorded in the library of congress before the publication of 
the work. Non-resident foreigners cannot obtain copyrights, 
but foreigners who reside in the United States may obtain 
them. 

Copyrights are granted for twenty-eight years, with a renewal 
term of fourteen years additional. 

Copyrights can be assigned. The assignment must be re- 
corded by the librarian of congress. 

The infringement of copyrights is the subject of heavy fines 
and penalties. 

The first step for one who desires a copyright is to send us a 
printed title of the book, paper, photograph or article, together 
with the whole cost in the case, namely, $6. We will then for- 
ward the case promptly to Washington, and shortly thereafter 
send the applicant the official certificate of copyright 

Applicant must then send us three copies of the first issue of 
the copyrighted article as soon as produced, under a govern- 
ment penalty of S25 fine for neglect so to do. This comprises 
all the trouble and expense in securing a copyright. Address 
us for any further information. 




AMENDING AND APPEALING. 

When an application for a patent is 
passed upon adversely by the examiner at 
the Patent Office, we draw up new argu- 
ments and present the case anew, in what 
we believe to be the best form to obtain his 
allowance, and at the same time protect the rights of our client. 

This we do in any case in hand without additional charge. 
Should the examiner reject the case on its second presenta- 
tion, we report the fact promptly to our client, accompanied 
with our estimate of the probabilities of obtaining a reversal 
of the examiner's decision hj an appeal to the board of 
examiners-in-hief. For this appeal to the board the govern- 
ment fee is SIO. Our own charge is very moderate for the 
amount of labor involved. If desired, we will make our fee 
dependent on success. 

Should the application not be allowed by the board, a second 
appeal may be taken to the commissioner of patents ; the gov- 
ernment fee being S20. Our charge, as before, will be small, 
or contingent on success. 

Appeal may also be taken, except in interference cases from 
the commissioner of patents, to the supreme court of the Dis- 
trict of Columbia. Costs payable by applicant. 

It is always trying to the patience of one in haste for his 
patent to be obliged to appeal, and, accordingly, we not only 
do everything in our power, professionally, but always make 
our charge for the necessary labor as light as possible. 



If the inventor, at the time of making his application, believes 
himself to be the first inventor or discoverer, a patent will not 
be refused on account of the invention or discovery, or any 
part thereof, having been before known or used in any foreign 
country; it not appearing that the same or any substantial 
part thereof had before been patented or described in any 
printed publication. 



20 



LAPSED CASES. 

This refers to such applications for patents as have been 
** allowed," but the final government fee not paid within the 
six months allowed by law. All such cases can be renewed at 
any time within two years from the date of the original allow- 
ance, by filing a new application and paying the same govern- 
ment fees as on the original application. Our own fee in such 
cases, where the previous application was well prepared, is but 
trifling. 



REJECTED CASES. 

The number of these is already large, and as the volume of 
patent business increases, we have more and more brought to 
us. Withovit exactly making a specialty of this branch, we still 
confess to taking great pleasure in securing patents for those 
who had almost lost hope of obtaining them. When the inven- 
tion is in itself patentable, rejections occur from two causes, 
namely, improperly prepared papers, and errors of the Patent 
Office. From one of these causes rejections often occur when 
the real merit in the application, if skillfully presented, would 
be rewarded by a patent. We have rare facilities, through our 
office in Washington, for presenting rejected cases favorably to 
the Patent Office, and are always glad to undertake such cases, 
either without charge, except in case of success, or on the 
ordinary fee for the time and labor employed. We particularly 
invite the correspondence of all who have such cases, from the 
confident feeling we have that if it is possible for anything to 
be done for them, that we can do it. 




21 



RE-ISSUES. 

RE-ISSUE is granted to the original patentee, his 
legal representatives, or the assignees of the 
entire interest, when, by reason of a defective or 
insufficient specification, the original patent is 
inoperative or invalid, provided the error has 
arisen from inadvertence, accident or mistake, and without any 
fi-audulent or deceptive intention. 

The general rule is, that whatever is really embraced in the 
original invention, and so described or shown that it might 
have been embraced in the original patent, may be the subject 
of a re-issue ; but no new matter can be introduced into the 
specification, nor in case of a machine patent can the model or 
drawings be amended except each by the other ; but, when 
there is neither model nor drawing, amendments may be made 
upon proof satisfactory to the commissioner that such new 
matter or amendment was a part of the original invention, and 
was omitted from the specification by inadvertence, accident, 
or mistake, as aforesaid. 

Re-issued patents expire at the end of the term for which the 
original patent was granted. For this reason applications for 
re-issue will be acted upon as soon as filed. 

A patentee, in re-issuing, may, at his option, have a separate 
patent for each distinct and separate part of the invention com- 
prehended in his original patent, by paying the required fee 
in each case, and complying with the other requirements of the 
law, as in original applications. Each division of a re-issue 
constitutes the subject of a separate specification descriptive 
of the part or parts of the invention claimed in such division, 
and the drawing may represent only such part or parts. All 
the divisions of a re-issue will issue simultaneously. If there 
be controversy as to the one, the other will be withheld from 
issue until the controversy is ended. 

Very many patents are being re-issued in order to cover more 
perfectly the inventions to which they relate. 



22 

We offer our advice and ask the correspondence of those 
whose patents are not now in a form to suit them. 

The ordinary cost of a re-issue, when obtained by us, is about 
$60, including $30 for government fees. We shall be pleased 
to give any further information. 



EXTENSIONS. 

Power is vested in the commissioner to extend any patent 
granted prior to March 2, 1861, for seven years from the expira- 
tion of the original term ; but no patent granted since March 2, 
1861, can be extended. When a patent has been re-issued in 
two or more divisions, separate applications must be made for 
the extension of each division. 

The questions which arise on each application for an ex- 
tension are : 

First. Was the invention 7iew and useful when patented ? 

Second. Is it valuable and important to the public, and to what 
extent ? 

Third. Has the inventor been reasonably remunerated for the 
time, ingenuity, and expense bestowed upon it, and the intro- 
duction of it into use ? If not, has his failure to be so remune- 
rated arisen from neglect or fault on his part ? 

Fourth. What will be the effect of the proposed extension 
upon the public interests ? 

The applicant for an extension must file his petition and pay 
in the requisite fee not more than six months nor less than 
ninety days prior to the expiration of his patent. There is no 
power in the commissioner to renew a patent after it has once 
expired. 



INTERFERENCES. 

An "interference" is an interlocutory proceeding for the 
purpose of determining which of two or more persons, each or 



23 

either of whom claims to be the first inventor of a given device 
or combination, really made the invention first. 

An interference will be declared in the following cases : 

First. When the parties have pending applications before the 
office at the same time, both or all the parties claiming to be 
the inventor of the same thing. 

Second. When an applicant, having been rejected upon the 
prior unexpired patent or the prior application of another, 
claims to have made the invention before the prior applicant or 
patentee. 

Third. When an invention is claimed in a renewed application 
which is shown or claimed in an application filed, or unexpired 
patent granted prior to the filing of such renewed application. 

Fourth. When an applicant for a re-issue embraces in his 
amended specification any new or additional description of his 
invention, or enlarges his claim, or makes a new one, and 
thereby includes therein anything which has been claimed in 
any patent granted subsequent to the date of his original appli- 
cation, as the invention of another person, an interference will 
be declared between the application and any such unexpired 
patent or pending application. If the re-issue application 
claims only what was granted in the original patent it may be 
put into interference with any pending application in which the 
same thing is shown, provided the latter applicant claims to be 
the prior inventor, and is not barred a patent by public use or 
abandonment. 

Fifth. When an application is found to conflict with a caveat 
the caveator is allowed a period of three months within which 
to present an application, when an interference may be 
declared. 

Sixth. The office reserves to itself the right, when two appli- 
cations are pending at the same time, in one of which a device 
may be described which is claimed in the other, to declare an 
interference to determine with whom is priority of invention 
without reference to the order in which such applications may 
have been filed. 



24 



DISCLAIMERS. 

Whenever, by iuadvertence, accident, or mistake, the claim 
of invention in any patent is too broad, embracing more than 
that of which the patentee was the original or first inventor, 
some material or substantial part of the thing patented being 
truly and justly his own, the patentee, his heirs or assigns, 
whether of a whole or of a sectional interest, may make dis- 
claimer of such parts of the thing patented as the disclaimant 
shall not choose to claim or to hold by virtue of the patent or 
assignment, stating therein the extent of his interest in such 
patent ; which disclaimer must be in writing, attested by one 
or more witnesses, and recorded in the Patent Office. 



ASSIGNMENTS. 

A PATENT may be assigned, either as to the whole interest or 
any undivided part thereof, by any instrument of writing. 

A pat:ent will, upon request, issue directly to the assignee or 
assignees of the entire interest in any invention, or to the 
inventor and the assignee jointly, when an undivided part only 
of the entire interest has been conveyed. 

The patentee may grant and convey an exclusive right under 
his patent to the whole or any specified portion of the United 
States, by an instrument in writing. 

Every assignment or grant of an exclusive territorial right 
must be recorded in the Patent Office within three months from 
the execution thereof ; otherwise it will be void as against any 
subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a valuable consideration 
without notice ; but, if recorded after that time, it will protect 
the assignee or grantee against any such subsequent purchaser, 
whose assignment or grant is not then on record. 

The patentee may convey separate rights under his patent to 
make or to use or to sell his invention, or he may convey terri- 
torial or shop rights which are not exclusive. Such conveyances 
are mere licenses, and need not be recorded. 



25 



HEARINGS. 

All cases pending before the commissioner will stand for 
argument at one o'clock on the day of hearing. If either party 
in a contested case, or the appellant in an ex parte case, appear 
at the time, he will be heard ; but in contested cases no motions 
will be heard in the absence of the other party, except upon 
default after due notice ; nor will a case be taken up for oral 
argument after the day of hearing, except by consent of both 
parties. If the engagements of the tribunal before whom the 
case is pending are such as to prevent it from being taken up 
on the day of hearing, a new assignment will be made, or the 
case will be continued from day to day until heard. Unless 
otherwise ordered before the hearing begins, oral arguments 
will be limited to one hour for each counsel. 



LAYING OUT MACHINERY AND ESTIMATING 
COST. 

We make it a part of our business to act for our corre- 
spondents as mechanical engineers in arranging the details, 
size, etc., of machinery required to do a given work, and in 
making careful estimates of the cost of same. 

Many inventors only build models of their improvement pre- 
vious to obtaining the patent, and when they come to require 
the actual working devices, they need competent assistance in 
drawing the plans for the proportionate size and strength of 
the different parts, as well as advice as to the best manner of 
construction This service, when entrusted to us, will always 
be rendered with fidelity, and the charge will be, in all cases, 
moderate, dependent in part upon the amount of assistance 
rendered, but having reference, sometimes, to the time employed. 

It is also our practice to attend to purchasing and shipping 
anything mechanical our correspondents may desire, and for 
this we make as small a charge as is consistent with the trouble 
involved. If our clients only send distinct directions, and 



26 

what mone}' is required in any particular case, their commis- 
sions will be executed in the best manner. 

Those who require plans for machinery or any particular 
device, will be careful to give us a full explanation of the 
character and amount of the work to be performed, or purpose 
which is to be served, and to enclose us a model, sketch or other 
means of determining the exact character of the article 
required. 

It is often desirable to have an invention carefully examined 
by a competent mechanical engineer previous to making an 
application for a patent upon it. Many inventors have found 
their machines worked well in a model or on a small scale, but 
when the attempt has been made to build large working 
machines on the same plan, they have been found defective, 
and surprise as well as disappointment has ensued. There are 
many causes which go to bring about this result, which only 
those who are well versed in the theory and practice of 
mechanics, and familiar with the action of physical laws and 
the strength of materials, can understand, or are apt to think 
of. Tlie disproportion of parts, unequal or misplaced strain, 
working out of line, the effects of expansion and contraction 
are a few of the many common causes of unsatisfactory work- 
ing in machinery. When employed to secure the patent or 
patents on a machine, we make no charge for general advice; 
and when the inventor desires us to furnish him vrith working 
plans for the same we take into account, in making our charge, 
the previous business furnished us. 



THE PROGRESS OF INVENTION. 

To illustrate how interest is increasing in the subject of 
invention, we make a short extract from the report of the com- 
missioner of Patents for 1868. He says, "During the year 
ending December 31, 1868, there have been filed in the Patent 
Office 3,705 caveats and 20,445 applications for patents; 12,959 
patents have been issued, 419 have been re-issued, and 140 
extended. 



27 

Compared with other years the business of the office has 
been greater than that of any preceding period. The number 
of patents issued has been more than double the number of 
1865, and more than three and a half times that of 1858. 

Since the Patent Office was first established its business has 
had a rapid growth in amount and in importance. In 1836 
eight or ten persons were enough to transact all its business. 
Now between three and four hundred are required. 

This increase has arisen in part from the growth of the 
country, but more from the stimulus that our patent laws have 
given to invention. The reward which they have held out for 
successful improvements have increased in value with the pro- 
gress of the country, and with the more proper appreciation 
and greater security of patented property. A really successful 
invention now brings to its author a competency for life ; and, 
as a consequence, the efforts of almost every class in the com- 
munity are directed in the line of useful improvements. 

In all those improvements of life to which patent laws relate, 
our own age has witnessed more advance than all the preceding 
ages of the world taken together. One improvement seems to 
have begotten another. New fields for exploration have been 
constantly opening. And so far from reaching any limit of 
invention, we seem but on the way to other advances and im- 
provements beyond our present comprehension. 



EXPLAINING INVENTIONS. 

Inventors sometimes find themselves greatly perplexed while 
endeavoring to illustrate and explain their invention to others, 
very frequently those whom they wish to interest in the sub- 
ject, for assistance in obtaining a patent, or working it after it 
is allowed, simply because the drawings or rough sketches they 
exhibit for examination are so vague and incorrect that none 
but the maker can understand the jumbled combination of 
lines. 

In disposing of, or describing an invention for any purpose. 



28 

a neat, artistic and correct drawing illustrating the device in 
all its mechanical relations and proportions is invaluable, not 
only because it saves the explainer's time and temper, but being 
easily understood at a glance, and the artistic execution and 
symmetry of proportion pleasing to the eye, it produces a favor- 
able impression in the observer's mind at once, and the natural 
prejudice every man feels against a thing he does not, or can- 
not understand, is almost overcome at the outset. 

On the other hand, if an inventor unrolls a poorly executed, 
incorrectly proportioned sketch of the invention, no matter 
how valuable or simple the device may be itself, the observer is 
very apt to judge it as being complicated and impracticable, 
and shrinks from a further acquaintance with it, simply because 
he does not understand it. 

Again, inventors might frequently save themselves consider- 
able time and labor if they -had a plan made of their ideas as 
developed on a working scale, so that every part could be 
properly proportioned and arranged in a practical manner, and 
all errors of construction avoided. A great many ideas that 
seem practical on a small scale, or to the inventor, when 
thoroughly examined by a mechanical engineer, are found to be 
incorrect in some detail or other. 

There are also numerous other instances in which the assist- 
ance of competent mechanical draughtsmen and advisors would 
be of untold benefit, both in saving the time and money of the 
inventor, by preparing for him plans of his invention on a cor- 
rect working scale, and pointing out to him any defects or 
impracticabilities in his device, that those who have had long 
experience, and a special education in engineering and mechanics 
are alone able to perceive. Having had the advantage of long 
daily experience and education in this direction, and having an 
efficient and careful department of draughtsmen in connection 
with our business, we feel able to offer our clients, and inventors 
and others interested, our services in preparing drawings, 
working-plans or scales, colored drawings in every branch of 
mechanical draughting, and at rates very moderate for the 
work performed , while we will freely point out any defect or 



29 



render any assistance to the inventor in our power to make his 
invention effective and practical, Avithout charge. 



Transmission of Heat by Various Substancks. — Though 
the powers of bodies capable of transmitting heat and light are 
not in the same relative proportions, yet all which transmit heat 
are more or less transparent, as will be seen by the following, 
as given by Melloni : 

Bape Seed Oil 2 

Tourmaline, green 7 

Sulphuric Ether 21 

Gypsum 20 

Sulphuric Acid 17 

Nitric Acid 15 

Alcohol 15 

Alum in Crystals 12 

Water 11 



Air 100 

Eock Salt, transparent 92 

Flint Glass 67 

Bisulphuret of Carbon 63 

Calcareous Spar, transparent 62 

Rock Crystal 62 

Topaz, brown 57 

Crown Glass 49 

Oil of Turpentine 31 



Reflecting Powers of Metals, etc. — The best reflectors of 
heat are the metals. The laws of the reflection of heat are the 
same as those of light — the angle of reflection being opposite 
and equal to that of incidence. We give the following by Leslie : 



Silver 

Tin Foil 

Block Tin. 



TOO 


Steel 


70 


QO 


Lead 


60 


St 


Glass 


. . .. 10 


85 


Glass, waxed or oiled 


5 



Conducting Powers of Metals. — Metals stand the highest in 
conducting power, and wood among the lowest, the softer kinds 
of wood being the lowest. The following is according to 
Despritz ; 

Gold 1,000 

Silver 973 

Copper 898 

Platinum 381 

Iron 374 

Zinc 363 



Tin 304 

Lead 180 

Marble 24 

Porcelain 12 

Tile 11 



Radiating Power of Metals, etc. — Polished surfaces radiate 
heat less than those which are rough, and those substances 
which are the best conductors of heat are generally the poorest 
radiators, as the following list, on the authority of Leslie, will 
show : 



30 



Lamp-Black ..100 

Water 100 

Writing Paper 98 

Glass 90 

Tissue Paper 88 

Ice 35 



Rough Lead 46 

Mercury 20 

Polished Lead 19 

Polished Iron 15 

Tin, Silver, Copper and Gold 12 



Velocity and Power or Wind. — To ascertain the force of 
the wind acting perpendicularly upon the plane surface, multi- 
plying the surface in feet by the square of the Telocity in feet, 
and the product by .002288. This will give the force in pounds, 
avoirdupois: 



Miles 
Per 
Hour 


Feet Per 


Second. 


1 


1.47 


2 


2.93 


H 


4.40 


4 


5.87 


5 


7.33 


10 


14.67 


15 


22 00 


20 


29,34 


25 


36.67 


80 


44.01 


85 


51.34 


40 


58.68 


45 


96.01 


50 


73 35 


60 


88.02 


80 


117.36 


100 


146.70 



Force in Pounds, 

Avoirdupois, 
Per Square Foot. 



.005 

.020 

.044 

.079 

.123 

.492 

1.107 

1.968 

3.075 

4.429 

6 027 

7.873 

9.963 

12 300 

17.715 

31.490 

49 200 



Scarcely perceptible. 
Just perceptible. 
Gentle wind. 
Brisk wind. 

High wind. 

Very high. 

A storm or gale. 
A great storm. 
A hurricane or tempest. 
fA violent hurricane sufficient to uproot 
"[trees and level " 



Under ordinary circumstances sound travels through air at 
the rate of 372 yards per second ; through water about four 
times as fast as through air; through acacia wood at the rate 
of 5,142 yards per second; through deal, 3,630 yards ; through 
poplar, 4,670 yards; through oak, 4,200 yards; through ash, 
5,090 yards. 

Some metals transmit sound still more rapidly. In an iron 
wire, for example, the rate is 5,363 yards per second, and in 
steel, 5,436 yards, while through brass the velocity is only 
8,888 yards. 



31 

The celebrated axle grease invented by Mr. Booth is made as 
follows : Dissolve ^ pound common soda in 1 gallon water, add 
3 pounds tallow and 8 pounds palm oil (or 10 pounds palm oil 
only). Heat them together to 212° Fahrenheit, mix and keep 
constantly stirred till the composition is cooled down to 70°. 



The utmost velocity that can be given to a cannon ball is 
2.000 feet per second. It order to increase the velocity from 
1,650 feet per second — the ordinary rate — to 2,000, one-half 
more powder is required. 



The greatest natural temperature ever authentically recorded 
was at Bagdad in 1819, when the mercury in Fahrenheit's ther- 
mometer rose to 120° in the shade. Buckhardt, in Egypt, and 
Humboldt, in South America, observed it at 117° Fahrenheit 
in the shade. 

About 70° below zero, in Fahrenheit's thermometer, is the 
lowest atmospheric temperature reached by Arctic navigators. 
The greatest artificial cold ever produced was 220° Fahrenheit, 
below zero. At this temperature neither alcohol or ether were 
frozen. 

The temperature of the space above the earth's atmosphere 
has been estimated at 58° below zero, Fahrenheit. 



Air is highly compressible and perfectly elastic. By these 
two qualities air and all other gaseous substances are particularly 
distinguished from liquids, which resist compression and pos- 
sess but a small degree of elasticity. The density and elasticity 
of air are directly as the force of compression. 

The volume of space which air occupies — and the rule is the 
same for almost all gases — is inversely as the pressure upon 
it. If the compressing force be doubled, the compressed air 
will occupy one-half the former space. 

Like liquids, all aeriform or gaseous substances transmit pres- 
sure equally in every direction. 

The amount of pressure exerted by the atmosphere at the 
level of the ocean is 15 pounds per sqiiare inch of surface. 



32 

To petrify wood, etc., make a mixture of equal parts of 
clialk, white vinegar, gem-salt, rock alum and powdered peb- 
bles. After the ebullition which ensues has subsided, immerse 
in the liquor whatever porous matter it is desired to petrify, 
and allow it to soak about six days, when it will be found to 
have turned into a petrifaction. 



Ductility and Malleability of Metals. — Metals which 
draw out into the finest wire are not those which afford the 
thinnest leaves under the hammer, or in passing through the 
rolling-press. Iron is a good illustration. The most ductile 
cannot be wire-drawn to any considerable extent without being 
annealed from time to time during the process of extension. 
This enables the particles to slide along side of each other so 
as to loosen their lateral cohesion. 

Seventeen of the metals which retain their metallic form in 
the air are ductile, and sixteen are brittle. 



Water boils in a vacuum at 08° Fahrenheit, if the vacuum 
is nearly perfect. 



The bulk of tallow is 50 pounds in a cubic foot; of oakum. 
12 pounds in a cubic foot ; of oil, 6.23 gallons in a cubic foot ; 
and coal, 45 cubic feet in a ton. 



A GOOD general rule for calculating the strength of hempen 
cables is to multiply the square of the circumference in inches 
by 120, and the product Avill be the weight in pounds the cable 
will safely support. For a rope, multiply the square of the 
circumference in inches by 200, and it gives the weight the 
rope will safely bear. When the rope, cable or hawser is made 
of Manilla hemp, the weight of a single foot is approximately 
ascertained by multiplying the square of the circumference in 
inches by tlie decimal .03. 



Comparative Power of Man or Horse as Applied to 
Machinery. — A man is estimated to exert a force, in lifting or 
carrying, of 6,000 pounds, one foot per minute ; in turning the 
winch of a crane, 6,300 ; in pumping, 3,814 ; in ringing. 8.570; 



33 

in rowing, 9,010. The power of a horse is equal to 33,000 
pounds, raised one foot per minute, or 150 pounds at the rate 
of 220 feet per minute. 



Good gunpowder is composed very nearly of 1 equivalent of 
nitre, 3 of carbon, and 1 of sulphur. Much of the explosive 
energy of gunpowder depends on its granulation ; a fine dust 
of the same composition as powerful powder burns rapidly, 
but without explosion. 



The height of clouds is exceedingly variable, and their mean 
elevation is not the same in different countries. The stratus 
cloud often descends to the earth's surface. In pleasant weather 
the lower limit of cumulas clouds varies from 3,000 to 5,000 
feet elevation, and the upper limit from 5,000 to 12,000 feet. 
Cirrus clouds are never seen below the summit of Mount Blanc, 
which has an elevation of more than 15,700 feet. 



Dew is produced most copiously in tropical countries, 
because there is the greatest difference between the temperature 
of the day and that of the night. Upon the small islands of 
the Pacific dew rarely forms, the air over the vast ocean pre- 
serving a nearly uniform temperature day and night, 



It is highly probable that the cirrus cloud at great elevations 
does not consist of vesicles of mist, but of flakes of snow. — 

TTells. 



The remark is sometimes made that "it is economy to burn 
green wood." This idea is an error. Green wood burns less 
rapidly, but to produce a given amount of heat a greater 
amount of fuel must be consumed. The moisture must be 
evaporated before it will burn, and an additional amount of 
fuel will be required to vaporize the sap. 



At the equator in Brazil the average annual temperature is 
84°, Fahrenheit's thermometer ; at Calcutta, lat. 22°, 35^ N.. it 
is 78° F. ; at Savanna, lat. 32°, 5^ N., it is 65°; at London, 
lat. 51°, 31^ N., it is 50° ; at Melville Island, lat. 74°, 47^ N., 
it is 1° below zero. 



34 

Air at 32° Fahreneit, can absorb the 160th part of its own 
weight, and, for every 27 additional degrees, its capacity for 
absorbing moisture is double that at 31°. 



On a clear night in summer, when dew is depositing, the 
mercury in a thermometer laid in the grass will sink nearly 20° 
below that in one suspended in the air. 



Liquids expand under the influence of heat to a greater 
degree and more unequally than solids. A column of water 
contained in a cylindrical vessel will expand 1-23 in length 
when heated from the freezing to the boiling point. A column 
of iron, with the same increase in temperature, will expand 
only 1-84 its length. Spirits of wine, with an increase from 
32° to 212°, gains 1-9 in bulk ; oil, 1-12. 

Vapors rise into any space filled with air in the same man- 
ner as if air was not present, the two fluids seeming to be inde- 
pendent of each other. A vessel filled with air will receive as 
much vapor of water as one from which the air has been 
exhausted. 



Of the two gasses which compose air, oxygen forms one-fifth 
and nitrogen four-fifths. 

The weight of Avood varies greatly. A cord of dry hickory 
weighs 4,400 pounds ; a cord of soft maple, 2,600 pounds. 

It is an exceedingly curious fact that one law applies to all 
physical influences which spread from a centre, such as gravi- 
tation, heat, light, sound, electrical forces, and all central 
forces, when not weakened by any resisting or opposing force, 
namely, that the intensity varies inversely as the square of the 
distance ; that is, at twice the distance from the source the 
influence or efi'ect is only one-fourth as great ; at three times 
the distance only one-ninth, and so on. 



All gasses and aeriform substances expand 1-490 for every 
degree of heat they receive above 32° Fahrenheit, and contract 
in the same proportion for every degree below that point. 



35 

Every 550 feet above the sea level decreases tne boiling point 
of water 1° Fahrenheit. In the city of Quito, in South 
America, water boils at 194° Fahrenheit, instead of 212° 
F. ; its height above the sea level is, therefore, 9,541 feet. 



In the temperate zone the average fall of rain is 35 inches in 
a year, and in the tropics, 95 inches. 



Grease spots may be extracted from paper by sprinkling 
with powdered pipe-clay and then applying a bot iron ; after- 
wards removing the powder with a piece of India-rubber. 



The celebrated cement used by xlmerican jewellers to fasten 
precious stones on to the plain surface of gold and silver is 
made as follows : Isinglass (Russian) soaked in water till 
softened a little (but none of the water must be used), to the 
amount of five or six pieces, and finally dissolve in two ounces 
of French brandy. The solution should be thick. Dissolve in 
this ten grains of very pale gum ammoniac (in tears) by rubbing 
them together. Then add six large tears of gum mastic, dis- 
solved in the least possible quantity of rectified spirits. Mix 
well with sufl&cient heat. 



Water rises in a suction pump in proportion as the pressure 
of the atmosphere, which is fifteen pounds to the inch, is 
removed. For this reason water can never rise in this kind of 
pump to a greater height than thirty-four feet. 



The temperature increases, as we descend into the earth, at 
the rate of one degree for every fifty feet. 



Arctic explorers, while breathing air that freezes mercury, 
still have in them the natural warmth of 98° Fahrenheit, above 
zero ; and the inhabitants of India and Arabia, where the mer- 
cury sometimes stands at 115° Fahrenheit, in the shade, have 
their blood at no higher temperature. Of all animals man alone 
is capable of living in all climates, and of changing his place 
of abode to all portions of the earth. 



36 

Liquid and gaseous bodies are almost absolute non-conductors 
of heat. 



Green sealing-wax can be made by powdering and mixing 
slowly, under heat, two parts of shellac, one of yellow resin, 
and one of verdigris. 

Black, by mixing, in the same way, three parts yellow resin, 
two shellac, and two of ivory-black. 

Gold-colored, by mixing slowly one pound bleached shellac, 
four ounces Venice turpentine and gold-collored talc, as 
required. 

Red, with two parts shellac, one of resin, and one of smalts. 

Marbled, by mingling the above colors when they begin to 
cool. 



A GOOD ink for writing on steel, tin-plate or sheet-zinc is 
made by mixing one ounce of powdered sulphate of copper and 
half an ounce of powdered sal ammoniac, with two ounces of 
diluted acetic acid, and adding lamp-black or vermillion. 



A BODY descending from a height will fall sixteen feet in the 
first second, three times that distance in the second, and so on, 
increasing as the odd numbers 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, etc. 

The space passed over by a falling body is as the square of 
the time ; in twice the time it will fall four times the space, etc. 

When the time occupied in falling is known, the height from 
which the body falls may therefore be known by multiplying the 
square of the number of seconds of time consumed in the descent 
by sixteen, — the distance a body will fall in one second of time. 



Of all transparent bodies the diamond possesses the greatest 
refraction or light-bending power, although it is exceeded by 
a few deeply-colored almost opaque minerals. It is mostly 
from this property that the diamond derives its brilliancy. 

Copying ink is easily made by adding one ounce of moist 
sugar to a pint of common ink. 



Count Rumford, by his experiments, made over sixty years 



37 

ago, proved that if powder was placed in a close cavity, aud 
the cavity two-thirds filled, its dimensions being at the same 
time restricted, the force of explosion would exceed 150,000 
pounds upon the square inch. 

The power exerted in performing a certain work is equal to 
the weight of the body moved in pounds multiplied by the 
vertical space through which it is moved. 

The strongest of all metals for resisting tension or a direct 
pull is tempered steel. 



A GrooD Green Ink is made by mixing 1 part of cream of 
tartar, 2 parts verdigris, and 8 parts water, boiling until the 
proper color appears. 



The pressure exerted by a column of liquid is equal to, and 
measured by, the height of the column, and not by its bulk or 
quantity. 

Sound decreases from the point where it originates, according^ 
to the law by which the attraction of gravitation varies, viz. : 
inversely as the square of the distance. Thus, at double the 
distance it is only one-half as strong; at three times the dis 
tance, one-ninth. 



A Short pipe will discharge one-half more water in the same 
time than a simple orifice of the same dimensions. 



Common Black Ink may be given an intense jetty color by 
idding a little impure carbonate of potassa. 



A Solid immersed in a liquid will be pressed upward with a 
force equal to the weight of the liquid it displaces. 



An inch tube 200 feet in length placed horizontally will dis- 
charge only one-fourth as much water as a tube of like size one 
inch in length. 



In constructing a room for public speaking the ceiling should 
not be more elevated than 30 or 35 feet. 



38 

Water is about 840 times heavier tiian air, taken bulk for 
bulk. The weight of the atmosphere enveloping the earth has 
been estimated to be equal to the weight of a globe of lead 
sixty miles in diameter. 



To make artificial coral, melt together 4 parts of resin and 
1 part of Vermillion. 



The range of projectiles is greatest, in case of high velocity, 
when the range of elevation is 30° ; but for slow motions, the 
horizontal distance attained is greatest when the angle of eleva- 
tion is 45°. 



The following shows the average weights sustained by wires 
of different metals, each having a diameter of about one-twelfth 
of an inch: Lead, 27 lbs.; zinc, 109 lbs.; silver, 187, copper, 
303; tin, 34; gold, 150; platinum, 274 ; iron, 549, steel, 1,010. 

Cords of different materials, but of the same diameter, pos- 
sess the following relative strength : Common flax, 1,175 lbs. ; 
New Zealand flax, 2,380 lbs, ; hemp, 1,633 lbs. ; silk, 3,400 lbs. 



In a large room, nearly square, the best place to speak from 
is one corner with the voice directed diagonally to the opposite 
corner. It is better generally to speak from pretty near a wall 
or pillar. 



AVates have been observed to rise to a height of about 43 feet 
above the hollow occupied by a ship ; the distance between the 
crests of two large waves being 559 feet, and the time occupied 
by a wave in passing this distance 17 seconds. 



The height to which the atmosphere extends above th,e sur- 
face of the earth is believed upon good grounds to be about 
60 miles. 



The heat of the sun penetrates into the earth varying dis- 
tances, according to the nature of the surface, from 50 to 100 
feet. 



Water is composed of 8 parts of oxygen and 1 of hydrogen. 



39 

These gases, when produced separately and then united, make 
the most powerful artificial heat known. An economical pro 
cess of decomposing water into its constituent gasses would be 
one of the most valuable inventions possible. This can already 
be done on a small scale by electricity — one pole of the battery 
sending off bubbles of hydrogen, and the other oxygen, when 
the two poles are brought near together. 



There is no motion in the universe without a corresponding 
and opposite action of equal amount. Action and reaction are 
always equal. A man in rowing impels the water astern with 
the same force that he drives the boat forward. 



The gold lining of Chinese cabinets may be closely imitated, 
according to Dr. Wiederhold, of Cassel, by the following for- 
mulfe : First of all, two parts of copal and one of shellac are to 
be melted together to form a perfectly fluid mixture; then two 
parts of good boiled oil, made hot, are to be added ; the ve.ssel 
is then to be removed from the fire and ten parts of oil of tur- 
pentine are to be gradually added. To give color, the addition 
is made of solution in turpentine of gum-gutta, for yellow, and 
dragons' blood for red. These are to be mixed in sufi&cient 
quantity to give the shade desired. 



A Physician in Florence cures somnambulism by winding 
once or twice around the patient's leg, on retiring, a thin, flex- 
ible copper wire, long enough to reach the floor. 



The moon's path in the heavens is not a circle, but a contin- 
uous spiral, that does not return into itself until after a very 
longtime. Inconsequence of its spiral movements along the 
face of the heavens the moon hides in succession every point in 
a belt of sky that stretches to five degrees, eight minutes and 
forty-eight seconds on either side of the ecliptic, and it takes 
eighteen and a-half years to do so 



A NEW diificulty has occurred in the practical working of the 
Suez Canal. The heat is so great that the stokers cannot live 
through it. Many have died in the passage, and all tell the 



40 

same story of terrible suffering. Climatological maps show that 
although neither the Isthmus of Suez nor the Red Sea is equa- 
torial, the "district of greatest heat" throughout the whole 
globe is a small space which crosses the Red Sea, Arabia and 
the Persian Gulf. 



The momentum or force which a moving body exerts is deter- 
mined by multiplying its mass or weight by its velocity. Thus, 
a body moving at the rate of 100 feet per second and weighing 
25 lbs., will strike with a force of 2,500 lbs. 



The various rays composing sun light are not equally lumi- 
nous, that is they do not appear to the eye as equally brilliant 
The color best seen by the human eye is yellow. The intensity 
of the different colored rays of light expressed numerically is : 
red, 94; orange, 640; yellow, 1,000; green, 480; blue, 170 ; 
indigo, 31 ; violet, 6. 

The proportionate number of soldiers, wearing different col- 
ors, who are killed in battle, appears from numerous observa- 
tions to be as follows: Red, 12; dark green, 7; brown, 6; 
blueish gray, 5. Red is, therefore, the most fatal color, and a 
light gray the least so. 



In a vacuum all bodies fall with equal velocities. A bullet 
and a feather dropped at the same time will reach the bottom of 
a vessel exhausted of air at the same moment. 



The compass is claimed to have been discovered by the Chi- 
nese. It was known, however, in Europe, and used in the 
Mediterranean in the thirteenth century. A compass at that 
time consisted of a piece of loadstone fixed to a cork, and float- 
ing on the surface of water. 



As the most exact calculation of the speed of light, founded 
on perfectly accurate data, gives 192,500 miles per second, it 
follows that the light of the sun, 90,000,000 of miles distant, is 
about eight minutes in reaching us. 



The number of elements or simple substances with which we 



41 

are at present acquainted is sixty-two. Of these some 10 or 12 
only make up the great bulk of all the objects we see around us. 



One cubic inch of water, when evaporated, gives about one 
cubic foot of steam. In other words, water expands, in changing 
into steam of low temperature, 1,700 times. 



Only two metals can be welded : Iron and platinum. 



To ascertain the specific gravity of a body, find the weight 
of the body in air and also in water ; divide the weight in air 
by the loss of weight in water, and the result will be the spe- 
cific gravity. 

To give plates of copper a brass color expose the plates, 
after being sufficiently heated, to the fumes of zinc. 



Silica is the base of the mineral world ; carbon the case of 
the organized. 



The greatest artificial cold, according to Faraday, is 160° 
FaLrenheit. 



A VERY strong glue is formed by throwing a small quantity 
of powdered chalk into melted common glue. 

A GOOD solvent for putty and paint consists of soft-soap 
mixed with a solution of potash or caustic soda ; or pearlash 
and slackened lime mixed with a sufficient quantity of water to 
form a paste. 



In a sandy soil the greatest force of a pile-driver will not 
drive a pile over fifteen feet. 



In order to temper iron sufficiently to cut porphyry, a good 
plan is to make the iron red-hot, and then plunge it into dis- 
tilled water from nettles, acanthus, and pilosella, or in the 
juice pounded out from these plants. 



Mercury freezes at 0.39°. 



42 

Iron may be prevented from rusting by tirsi warming it 
until it is sufficiently hot to burn you, if touched, and then rub 
it with clean, new white wax. Put it again to the fire until it 
has soaked in the wax, and afterwards rub well over with a 
piece of serge. 



To make a glue which will resist the action of water, boil 
one pound of common glue in two quarts of skimmed milk. 



An excellent cement for steam-pipes is made of linseed oil 
varnish ground, with equal weights of white lead, oxide of 
manganese, and pipe-clay. 



In a vacuum water boils at 98° to 100°, according as the 
vacuum is more or less perfect. 



To render paper fire-proof dip it in a solution of alum, and 
then allow it to dry slowly. To test it, try a slip of the paper 
in the flame of a candle, and if not sufficiently prepared, dip 
and dry it a second time. 



Paper for copying may be prepared by applying, with a 
brush, a varnish consisting of Canada balsam and turpentine, 
equal parts mixed. The paper should be allowed to dry, and 
then if not transparent enough, the operation should be 
repeated. 



The earth is nearly as heavy as it would be if its mass were 
entirely composed of metallic antimony or cast-iron. 



The temperature of the soil is effected by, first, the exposure 
of the surface; second, the nature of the soil; third, its per- 
meability by rain, and the presence of underground springs ; 
fourth, the sun's declination; fifth, the elevation above the 
sea, and, consequently, the heating power of the sun's rays : 
and, sixth, the amount of cloud and sunshine. — J. D. Hooker. 



The bark of a dog can be heard at the distance of eighteeii 
hundred yards ; the voice of a man at a thousand yards ; and 



43 

the croak of a frog at nine hundred. Taking the difference of 
size into consideration, the frog has altogether the best lungs. 



If Benzole is poured on a piece of ordinary paper immediate 
transparency is produced to such an extent as to enable one to 
dispense entirely with tracing paper. On exposure to air, or, 
better, to a gentle heat, the liquid is entirely dissipated, the 
paper recovers its opacity, and the original design is found to 
be quite uninjured. 



A BALL one foot in diameter just conceals the moon's face 
when held before it at a distance of one hundred and twenty 
feet from the eye. Consequently a ball one mile in diameter 
would do the same thing at a hundred and twenty miles ; a ball 
of one thousand miles, at one hundred and twenty thousand 
miles ; and a ball two thousand miles across, at one hundred 
and twenty times two thousand, or two hundred and forty thou- 
sand miles. But this is about the moon's distance, consequently 
the moon's breadth must be about two thousand miles. 



A MAN weighing one hundred and fifty pounds contains one 
hundred and eleyen pounds of water in his tissues. 



The average depth of the Atlantic Ocean is set down at thir- 
teen thousand four hundred feet, and that of the Pacific at 
eighteen thousand. On the western side of St. Helena sound- 
ings have been made, it is said, to the depth of twenty-seven 
thousand feet — five miles and a quarter — without touching 
bottom. 



A FINELY polished sheet of iron, three feet long and twelve 
inches wide, and weighing but three and a half ounces, has 
been rolled out by a rolling-mill in Pennsylvania. It is thinner 
than ordinary writing paper. 



The Amazon drains an area of two million five hundred 
thousand square miles : its mouth is ninety-six miles wide, and 
it is navigable two thousand two hundred miles from its mouth. 



Silver melts at 1873°. 



44 

The sun can never remain in total eclipse at any spot on the 
terrestial surface for a longer period than three minutes and a 
quarter of time. 



The larger the surface involved the more intense is the feel- 
ing of temperature. Water at one hundred and four degrees 
seems less warm to one finger than water two degrees lower 
seems to the whole hand. 



The first telescope made, — Galileo's feeble instrument, — 
magnified objects only seven times, and yet with it he discovered 
the satellites of Jupiter. 



To clean marble wash the spots with a powder of chalk one 
part; pumice one part; common soda two parts, mixed; then 
clean the whole of the stone and wash off with soap and water. 



A Permanent Black for Silver. — Having first burnt lead 
and pulverized it, incorporate it next with sulphur and vinegar 
to the consistency of a painting color. It is now ready to write 
with on silver. After applying let it dry, then present it to 
the fire so as to heat the work a little, and it is finished. 



The yearly fall of rain in London is 25 inches ; at Vera 
Cruz, in the Mexican Gulf, rain falls to the amount of 278 
inches. 



A COMPOSITION for bronzing wood, plaster, etc., is made by 
mixing yellow ochre, Prussian blue, and lamp-black, dissolved 
in glue-water. 



Parchment may be closely imitated by dipping unsized paper 
for about forty seconds in strong sulphuric acid and afterwards 
in weak ammonia. 



Oil may be extracted from marble or other stone by making 
a mixture of one part soap, two parts fuller's earth and one part 
potash, stirred in with boiling water. Lay it on the spots and 
allow it to remain a few hours. 



45 



The flash of lightning, by its reflection on the clouds, may 
be seen from 150 to 200 miles. 



Toothed wheels ; two good rules for making : As the num- 
ber of teeth in the wheel-j-2.25 is to the diameter of the wheel, 
so is the number of teeth in the pinion-|-1.5 to the diameter 
of the pinion. 

2nd. As the number of teeth in the wheel-t-2.25 is to the 
diameter of the wheel, so is (number of teeth in pinion-f-num- 
ber of teeth in wheel)-j-2, to the distance of their centres. 



In some parts of Egypt it never rains ; in Peru, part of 
Guatemala and part of California but seldom : over the great 
African Desert, and the desert of Gobi, in Central Asia, and in 
portions of Arabia and Persia, rain scarce ever falls, while in 
Guiana, in South America, it rains for a great portion of the 
year. 



Prismatic diamond crystals may be formed on windows by 
applying hot a solution of sulphate of magnesia and a clear 
solution of gum arable, well mingled. 



Material of Combustion. 



Ordinary Wood 

Charcoal 

Turf. 

Turf Charcoal 

Cok 

Pit Coal 

Oil 

Wax 

Tallow 

Carburetted Hydrogen 

Alcohol (commercial) 



Lbs. of Water 
which a 5). 

can heat from 
0° to 212°. 




Lbs. of Boiling j Weight 
Water 'of Air at 
evaporated i 32° to 
by 1 R). btrulft) 



4.47 
11.46 
4.60 




11,46 

9 26 



15.00 



14.58 
11.60 



The weight of 100 cubic inches of air, in avoirdupois grains 
(barometer 30, thermometer 62), is 30-49, and the logarithm 
is 1-48416. 



Ice melts at 0.32° Fahrenheit. 



46 



A CUBIC inch of water at 62° Fahrenheit, weighs a part of a 
pound expressed by the decimal 0.036065, and a column of water 
one foot in height, with a base of one square inch, will, of 
course, be twelve times this decimal, which is 0.4328. Thus 
we deduce the following table : 



Depth 
in 
feet. 



Pressure 

per 

Square Inch. 



04328 
0.8656 
1.2984 
1.7312 
2.1640 



Pressure 


1 
Depth 


per 
Square Foot. 


in 
feet. 


62.3232 
124.6464 
186 9696 
249 2928 
311.6160 


6 
7 
8 
9 
10 



Pressure 

per 

Square Inch. 



2.5968 
3.0296 
3.4624 
3 8952 
4.2880 



Pressure 

per 

Square Foot. 



373 9392 
436.2624 
4985856 
560.9088 
623.2320 



By the above table the pressure of water on any part of the 
surface of a receptacle can be ascertained when the depth of 
such surface is known. If the liquid contained in the vessel 
be something beside water, it is only necessary to compare the 
difference in the specific gravity of the two and then calculate 
as before. 



Oil which will not corrode or thicken, and which is much 
used by watchmakers, is simply prepared by inserting coils of 
thin sheet lead into a bottle contairing olive oil, and then 
exposing to the sun and afterwards turning off the clear. 



One of the best welding mixtures is made as follows: Mix 
sal ammoniac with ten times its weight of borax. After fusing 
the mixture pour it on an iron plate. Pulverize when cold, 
and mix with an equal quantity of quick lime. Apply the 
powder to the iron when red-hot and the welding will be effected 
at a lower heat than without the powder. 



Leap Year. — Every year the number of which is divisible 
by 4, without a remainder, is a leap year, except the last year 
of the century, which is a leap year only when divisible by 400 
without a remainder. Thus the year 1900 will not be a leap 
year. 



47 



POWER OF VARIOUS SPECIES OF FUEL. 





fe-o 


fca 


t: S3 


t s ^« 














o ^ 


o2 


t» eS tH 


conv 
of wa 
allow 
for Ic 


Kinds of Fuel. 


m: 


1.^ 


o L 


' 1 1 ° 




a'-' 


.S-2 • 


ntity 
bicf( 
low 
m. 






sS OS'S 


ill 


Qua 
a cu 
into 
Btea 


Qua 
a cu 
into 
10 p 




3,600 
6,000 


3.07 


2031 


22.6 


Oak wood, dry 


5.13 


12.2 


13.6 




3,250 


2.8 


22.5 


25.0 


Coke 


9,000 
7,900 


7.7 
6.75 


8.1 
925 


90 


Splint Coal 


10.28 


Caking Coal 


9,800 


8.4 


7.45 


8.22 







Brass ferrules for tool handles, etc., may be perfectly soldered 
by lapping round the jointing a piece of wire, and then, after 
wetting, filling the joint with borax and holding in the fire till 
the brass fuses. 



The worn parts of plated goods can be re-silvered by the 
following composition : Common salt, 30 gr. ; cream of tartar, 
3i gr. ; nitrate of silver, 30 gr. ; mix ; moisten with water and 
rub over the surface to be plated. 



To prevent iron from rusting, rub the surface, after being 
heated as hot as the hand will bear, with new and clean white 
wax, and then, after heating again, wipe well with a piece of 
soft cloth. 



To ascertain the length of the day and night at any time of 
the year, add 12 hours to the time of the sun's setting, and 
from the sum subtract the time of rising for the length of the 
day. Subtract the time of setting from 12 hours, and to the 
remainder add the time of rising next morning, for the length 
of the night. 



To brass plates of copper, heat them sufficiently and then 
expose them to the fumes of zinc. 



48 

Lead pencil drawings may be rendered permanent by apply- 
ing isinglass dissolved in 50 times its weight of water. 



Tortoise-shell may be soldered by holding the broken edges 
in close contact with pinchers heated as hot as they can be 
without burning the shell. To test this point, try the pinchers 
on a piece of paper. 



To soften ivory, take 15 ounces of water and 3 ounces of 
spirits of nitre, and let the ivory soak in a closely covered ves- 
sel, three or four days after which it will be found to be flexible 
to the fingers. To harden it again, wrap it in salt for 24 hours. 



About 112 little planets called asteroids have been discovered 
between the orbits of Mars and .Jupiter. Some of them are so 
small that to call them worlds might seem inappropriate. But 
any body having an orbit, though not hirger than a cannon ball, 
is entitled to rank as a world. Many such may exist which 
will never be discovered because of their littleness. Very 
little asteroidal bodies are revolving around the earth, as the 
moon does. The aerolites, or falling stones, are really such 
asteroids whose orbits cross the earth's orbit, or else wind 
spirally inward to the earth as a center. 



The following rules will be found useful, as they give the 
power of water-wheels, with proper allowance for friction and 
waste of water : 

For an undershot: Multiplj'^ height of fall by quantity of 
water flowing per minute, and divide by 5,000. The result will 
give the number of horse power the efi"ect is equal to. 

For an overshot : Multiply the power on an undershot by 
2|, and the result will be the number of horse power. 

For a breast-wheel : Find the power of an undershot from 
the top of the fall to Avhere the water enters the bucket ; then 
for an overshot for the rest of the fall. The sum of these two 
is the power of the breast-wheel. 

The quantity of water flowing per minute and the height of 
the fall are both taken in feet. 



49 

Fac Similes of signatures may be neatly and accurately made 
by sprinkling over the ink before it is dry some finely powdered 
gum arable, and then pouring on a fusible alloy in a liquid 
state. From the plates thus formed copies can be made with 
printing ink and a copper-plate press. 

It is a common error to suppose that many of our greatest 
inventions and discoveries were made by accident. Many 
wonderful anecdotes are told in support of this assertion ; 
but a multitude of facts might be adduced to prove that 
knowledge is more regularly progressive than is commonly 
imagined. Great discoveries are not made without prepara- 
tion, and previous knowledge is necessary to turn what are 
called accidental occurrences to good account. 



Hard white metal is made of 1 part tin, 3 parts spelter, and 
20 of brass. 



Sir Isaac Newton defined mechanics as the geometry of 
motion. 



Distilled water is about 825 times heavier than air. 



A machine has been invented with which a writer, using a 
pen in the usual way can, at the same time, produce a duplicate 
so small as to be invisible to the naked eye, but so distinct that 
a microscope will bring out every line and dot. One of the 
most useful of the applications of this invention will be for 
preventing forgery, as private marks can be made on notes and 
securities which will be legible with a microscope, but which an 
imitator could not see or suspect the presence of. 



GrN Cotton is made by immersing cotton-wool in a mixture 
of sulphuric acid and the strongest nitric acid, or of sulphuric 
acid and nitrate of potash. 



Iceland or calc spar is native carbonate of lime in its primi- 
tive cry st aline form. 



The heat of the human blood is 98°. 



50 

Platinum, with one exceptioQ the heaviest body known, is 
21^ times heavier than water. 



Bath metal is made of 32 parts brass and 9 parts spelter. 



A GOOD boot and shoe polish is made with the whites of two 
eggs, a table spoonful of alcohol, a lump of sugar, and sufficient 
finely powered ivory black to thicken. 



Common bell metal is made of 100 parts of copper and 60 of 
tin. 



A GAS, in expanding to its original volume, after compression, 
absorbs as much heat as it evolved during the compression. 

The coal product of Great Britain is over 100,000,000 tons. 
The area of the coal fields lying within the United States has 
been estimated at 150,000 square miles. The extent of the 
fields in Ohio alone is not less than 10,000 square miles, or equal 
to that possessed by Great Britain, and far in excess of that of 
any other European nation. 



The earth is nearly as heavy as it would be if its mass were 
entirely composed of metallic antimony or cast-iron. 



Robert Hood, an ingenious experimentalist of a long past 
age, succeeded in making artificial imitations of the circular 
pits or craters of the moon, by heating strong calcareous solu- 
tions until vapor burst out in bubbles through the external 
surface of the mass. 



The density of the earth's substance has been ascertained by 
counting the difference in the number of beats a pendulum 
makes in a given time, according as it is swung on the earth's 
surface, or down in a deep mine. Mr. Airy, the British 
astronomer, royal, has made careful experiments of this kind 
in a coal mine twelve hundred and sixty feet deep. He found 
that a pendulum which beat seconds at the mouth of the pit 
made two and a quarter more beats every twenty-four hours 
when removed to its bottom. The reason is that the pendulum 



51 



is filled with greater force, and is made to move more rapidly 
when brought nearer to the earth's center of attraction. 



Fine white German silver is made of 1 part iron, 10 parts 
nickle, and 20 parts copper. 



A NEW and effective remedy for burns was accidentally dis- 
covered in France in 1869 by a varnisher of metals, who, 
having got his hand severely burned while at work, and not 
knowing what to do to deaden the acute pain, thrust his hand 
into a pot of varnish. The pain ceased as if by enchantment. 
On the day following he made a further application of the var- 
nish, and in a few days a new skin was formed over the burn, and 
the hand recovered its wonted flexibility^. This simple remedy 
was afterwards tested by medical men of Paris, and proved to 
be greatly superior to the usual remedy of nitrate of silver. 



TABLE OF THE CORRESPONDING DEGREES ON THE SCALES OF THE 

THERMOMETERS OF FAHRENHEIT, REAUMER AND 

CENTIGRADE OR CELSIUS. 



Fahr. 


Reaum. 


Cent. 


Fahr. 


Reaum. 


Cent. 


Fahr. 


Reaum. 


Cent. 


212 


80 


100 


149 


52 


65 


50 


8 


10 


203 


76 


95 


140 


48 


60 


41 


4 


5 


194 


72 


90 


131 


44 


55 


32 








18.5 


6S 


85 


122 


40 


50 


23 


4 


5 


m 


64 


80 


113 


36 


45 


14 


8 


10 


m 


60 


75 


104 


32 


40 


5 


12 


15 


158 


56 


70 


95 


28 


35 


4 


16 


20 








86 


24 


30 


13 


20 


25 








77 


20 


25 


22 


24 


30 








68 


16 


20 


31 


28 


35 






i 
1 


59 


12 


15 1 


40 


32 


40 



The iron product of the United States is already over 
2,000,000 tons, and rapidly increasing. 



A crBic foot of water weighs 1,000 ounces. To ascertain the 
weight of a cubic foot of any substance, multiply its specific 
gravity by 1.000, and the product will be in ounces. 



Water boils at 212°. 



52 



The velocity of a moving body is found by dividing the space 
passed over by the time consumed in moving over it. Thus, if 
a body moves 20 miles in 2 hours, its velocity is ascertained by 
dividing the space 20 by the time 2, which gives a result of 10 
miles an hour. 

To find the space passed over by a moving body, multiply the 
velocity by the time. 

To find the time occupied by a body in motion, divide the 
space by the velocity. 



Some years since there was constructed in England a sun- 
glass, or lens, three feet in diameter, with a focal distance of 
six feet eight inches. The heat concentrated in the focus of 
this powerful instrument was sufficient to melt the metals, and 
even to volatilize them ; while flint, quartz, and the most refrac- 
tory of earthy substances, were easily liquified and caused to 
boil. 

A GOOD varnish for gun-barrels, after browning them, is a 
dissolved and filtered mixture of 1 oz. shellac, ^ oz. dragon's 
blood, and 1 qt, rectified spirit. 

To remove old paint and putty, lay on with an old brush or 
rag a solution of caustic soda or potash mixed with soft soap, 
and allow it to remain a few hours. 

Bronzing Liquid. — Cream of tartar, 8 oz. ; salt, 6 oz. ; sal- 
ammoniac, 1 oz. Dissolve in a qt. of hot water, then add 2 oz. 
of nitrate of copper dissolved in ^ pt. of water. 



Modeling Wax is made of white wax with sufficient lard 
added to make it work easy. To prevent adhering in use the 
tools and board should be moistened with water. 

A Liquid Amalgam for silvering globes, etc., is made of 1 oz. 
pure lead, 1 oz. grain tin, which being melted in a clean ladle, 
add immediately 1 oz. of bismuth. After skimming ofl" the 
dross remove the ladle from the fire, and before the metal sets 
add 10 oz. of quicksilver. Mix well, and avoid the fumes. 



53 



Drying by Vacuum. — As the juices contained in all vegetable 
substances are retained in their particular vessels by the pres- 
sure of the atmosphere, by removing that pressure the fluids 
can no longer be retained by the veins and recepticles. This 
principle has been effectively applied, among other uses, to the 
drying of lumber. An air-tight reservoir, provided with one 
or more air pumps, is filled with the green lumber. The air 
pump is then set in motion, and heat at the same time applied 
to the exterior of the reservoir. As the pressure of the atmos- 
phere is removed the vegetable juices begin to exude from the 
pores of the wood, and being vaporized by the heat, are carried 
off with the air through the pump. Wood and other substances 
are dried very rapidly by this process, and it is deserving of 
more attention than has hitherto been given to it. 



For cleaning varnish use weak ley of potash or soda mixed 
with a little powdered chalk. 



MECHANICAL POWERS. 

The lever may be considered the first, and, in fact, the foun- 
dation, of all mechanical powers, as the effects produced by all 
of them are ultimately resolvable into that of the lever. 

They are divided into three classes. 

First. Those in which the fulcrum is situated between the 
weight and the power. 

Second. Those in which the weight is situated between the 
fulcrum and the power. 

Third. Those in which the power is situated between the 
weight and the fulcrum. 

The bent lever is of the first class, and has no particular 
advantage except that of form, which is given to it for con- 
venience in use. 

To preserve an equilibrium between the power and the 
weight, they must be to each other inversely as their distances 
from the fulcrum. 



54 



The following are the rules for calculating the effect of the 
several levers : 

Class 1, or when the fulcrum is between the power and the 
weight. 

Rule : Divide the weight to be raised by the power to be 
applied ; the quotient will give the difference of leverage neces- 
sary to support the weight in equilibrio. Hence, a small addi- 
tion, either of leverage or weight, will cause the power to 
preponderate. 

Example : Five men, who exert a combined force of 15 cwt., 
desire to raise a weight of six tons. Required the proportion- 
ate length of lever. 

6 T.=120 cwt. ; and ^^^=8 

In this example, the proportionate lengths of the lever to 
maintain the weight in equilibrio are as 8 to 1. 

Class 2. When the fulcrum is at one end of the lever, and 
the power at the other, with the weight between. 

Rule : As the distance between the power and the fulcrum 
is to the distance between the weight and fulcrum, so is the 
effect to the power. 

Example: It is necessary to raise 240 lbs. when the weight 
is placed 8 feet from the power and 2 feet from the fulcrum. 

6:2:: 240: 80. 

The Pulley. — Pulleys are known as fixed and moveable. 

There is merely a change in the direction, and no economy of 
power in the use of a fixed pulley. A saving equal to one-half 
the power is effected by the employment of the moveable pulley, 
since it changes its position with that of the weight. When 
the weight is equal to the product of the power, and twice the 
number of moveable pulleys, an equilibrium is attained between 
the weight and the power. 

To find the power necessary to raise a given weight through 
the medium of a system of moveable pulleys. 

Rule: Divide the weight to be raised by twice the number 
of pulleys in the lower block ; the quotient will give the power 
necessary to raise the weight. 



55 

Example : Required the power to raise 800 ibs. — the lower 
block containing four pulleys. 

|0|=ioo lbs. 

Wheel and Axle. — This device may be looked upon as simply 
a revolving lever. An equilibrium between the power acting 
on the circumference of the wheel, and the weight or resistance 
acting on the circumference of the axle, is attained when the 
power is to the weight as the radius of the axle is to that of 
the wheel. 

To ascertain the effective gain the following rule may be 
employed : 

Eule : As the radius of the wheel is to the radius of the 
axle, so is the effect to the power. 

Example : There is exerted on the periphery of a wheel 
whose radius is eight feet a weight of sixty pounds. Required 
the weight raised at the extremity of a cord wound round the 
axle, the radius being twelve inches. 

60ft)S.x8feet .q^ 

12 inches. 

Inclined Plane. — The inclined plane becomes a mechanical 
power in consequence of its supporting a part of the weight 
and of course leaving only a part to be supported by the power. 
The direction of the force is changed from the perpendicular 
to one more or less horizontal, and the weight moves upward 
on it in a diagonal between them. When the power is to the 
weight as the perpendicular height of the inclined plane is to 
its hypothenuse, equilibrium is attained ; but as the height is to 
the base when in a direct parallel to the base. 

Rule : As the length of the plane is to its height so is the 
weight to the power. 

Example: Required the power necessary to raise 900 ibs. 
up an inclined plane 6 feet long and 2 feet high. 
As 6:2:: 900: 300 lbs. the power. 

Wedge. — The wedge is simply a combination of two inclined 
planes united together along their bases, and made to act upon 
two weights or resistances at once, or on a fulcrum and a weight 



56 

between which it is caused to move by power applied to its 
base, generally, in practice, by the impulse of successve blows. 

Equilibrium is attained when the power is to the resistance 
as the base of the wedge is to its length, or to the length of its 
side, accordingly as the resistance acts perpendicularly to the 
central line of lenghth, or to that of the side. 

Case 1. When a wedge is employed to force two bodies from 
one another, in a direction parallel to the base of the wedge. 

Rule : As the length of the wedge is to half its back or 
head, so is the resistance to the power. 

Example : Required the power necessary to separate two 
substances with a resistance of 150 lbs., — the breadth of the 
back or head of the wedge employed being 4 inches, and the 
length of either of its inclined sides 12 inches. 
As 12:2:: 150:25 lbs. the power. 

Case 2. When only one of the bodies is moveable. 

Rule : As the length of the wedge is to the breadth of the 
back or head, so is the resistance to the power. 

Example : The breadth of the back or head being 5 inches, 
and the length of either of the inclined sides 15 inches, required, 
the power necessary to separate two substances with a resistance 
of 225. 

As 15:5:: 250:75 lbs. the power. 

Screw. — The screw is simply a modification of the inclined 
plane, and may be considered as a simple cylinder, having 
wound, spirally, around its periphery an inclined plane in the 
form of a triangle. The circumference of the cylinder forms 
the base of the triangle ; its hypothenuse forms the spiral cord 
or inclined plane ; and the distance between two consecutive 
cords or threads, the height of the incline. 

Rule: To the square of the circumference of the screw add 
the square of the distance between two threads, and extract 
the square root of the sum ; this will give the length of the 
inclined plane. Its height is the distance between two con- 
secutive cords or threads. 

Where a lever or wrench is employed to turn the screw the 
power of the screw is as the circle described by the handle of 



57 

the wrench or lever, to the internal or distance between the 
spirals. 

Case 1. When the weight to be raised is known, to find the 
power. 

Rule : Multiply the weight by the distance between two 
threads of the screw, and divide the product by the circumfer- 
ence of the circle described by the lever. The quotient is the 
power. 

Example : Required the power to be applied to the end of a 
lever 5 feet long, to raise a weight of 8 tons. 
16,000x11^ 
60 inches x2x 3, 1416 "^'"'^** 

Mechanical Powers. — All mechanical powers or machines 
are simply combinations of one or more of the six elementary 
mechanical powers, viz. : the lever, the pulley, the wheel and 
axle, the inclined plane, the wedge, and the screw ; and the 
mechanical effects of the whole are ultimately resolvable into 
that of the lever. 

Although there is a gain of power in the use of the mechani- 
cal powers it is only at the sacrifice of a corresponding loss of 
time. 

A great resistance may be overcome slowly, or a great weight 
may be sustained, by the application of a small force ; or, a 
small weight or resistance may have a great velocity imparted 
to it by the employment of a great force or power. 



58 



POPULATION OF CITIES. 



CITIES. 



New York, N. Y 

Philadelphia, Penn. 

Brooklyn, N. Y 

St. Louifj, Mo 

Chicago, 111 

Baltimore, Md 

Boston, Mass.. 

Cincinaiti, Ohio •.•• 

New Orleans, La 

San Francisco, Cal.. 

Buffalo, N. Y 

Washington, D. C. 

Newark, N. J 

Louisville, Ky 

Cleveland, Ohio 

Pittsburgh, Pa 

Jersey City, N. J... 

Detroit, Mich 

Milwaukee, Wis 

Albtny, N. Y 

Providence, R. I 

Rochester, N. Y 

Alleghany City. Pa, 

Richmond, Va 

New Haven, Conn .. 

Charleston, &. C 

Troy, N. Y , 

Syracuse, N. Y , 

Worci'ster, Mass 

Lowell, Mass 

Memphis, Tenn 

Cambridge, Mass.... 

Hartford, Conn 

Indianapolis, Ind. .. 

Scranton, Pa 

Reading, Pa 

Columbus, Ohio 

Paterson, N, J 

Kansas City, Mo 

Dayton, Ohio 

M>bile, Ala 

Portland, Me 

"Wilmington, Del... 

Liwrence, Mass 

Toledo, Ohio 

Charles town, Mass 

Lynn, Mass 

Fall River. Mass.... 
Springfield, Mass... 
Nashville, Tenn.... 

Peoria, 111 

Covington, Ky 

Salem, Mass.... 

Quincy, Mass 



1870. 


1860, 


926,341 


813.669 


674,022 


565,529 


396,300 


266.661 


312,963 


212,418 


298,983 


109,260 


267/354 


212.418 


250,526 


177.841 


216,239 


161,044 


191,322 


168,675 


149,482 
117,715 


56,802 
81,129 


109,204 


61,122 


105,078 


71,941 


100,754 


68.033 


92,846 


43,417 


86,235 


49,217 


81,744 


29,226 


79,580 


45.619 


71.499 


45.246 


69,422 


62,367 


68,906 


50.666 


62,385 


48.204 


53.181 


28,702 


51.038 


37.910 


50,840 


39.267 


48,956 


40,522 


46,471 


39,235 


43 051 


28.119 


41.105 


24.960 


40,928 


36.827 


40,226 


22,623 


39.634 


26,060 


37,180 


29,152 


86.565 


18,611 


35.093 


9,223 


33 932 


23,162 


33.745 


18,554 


33.582 


19,586 


32.260 
32.579 




20 081 


32,084 


29.258 


31.414 


26,341 


30,841 


21,258 


28,921 


17639 


28 546 


13.768 


28,323 


25.065 


28,233 


19,083 


26 780 


14,026 


26.703 


15,199 


2.5.872 


16 988 


25 787 


14,045 


24,505 
24,117 




22,252 


24,053 





59 



POPULATION OF CITIES — Continued. 



CITIES. 



Manchester, N. H 

Harrisburg, Pa 

Trentun, N. J 

Evansville, Ind 

New Bedford, Mass.... 

Oswego, N. Y 

Elizabeth, N. J 

Lanc-iSter, Pa 

Savannah, Ga 

Camden, N. J , 

Davenport, Iowa 

St. Paul, Minn 

Wheeling, Va 

Norfolk, Va 

Taunton, Mass 

Chelsea, Mass 

Dubuque, Iowa 

Leavenworth, Kan.... 

Fort Wayne, Ind , 

Springfield, III 

Atlanta, Ga , 

Norwich, Conn 

Sacramento, Cal 

Omaha, Neb 

Gloucester, Mass 

New Brunswick, N. J 

New Albany, Ind 

Galveston, Texas 

Newburyport, Mass... 

Alexandria, Va 

Wilmington, N. C 

Newport, R. I 

Little Rock, Ark 

Concord, N. H 

Des Moines, Iowa , 

Waterburv, Conn 

Nashua, N. H 

Raleigh. N. C , 

New London, Conn...., 

Portland, Oreg 

Virginia City, Nev.... 
Topeka, Kan 



1870. 



23,536 
23,109 
22,874 
22,830 
21,320 
20,910 
20,838 
20,233 
20.233 
20,045 
20.042 
20.031 
19 282 
19,256 
18,629 
18,547 
18404 
17.849 
17,718 
17.365 
16 988 
16.653 
16.484 
16083 
15 389 
15,059 
14,973 
13,818 
13.595 
13.570 
13.446 
12,521 
12.380 
12,241 
12035 
10826 
10.543 
10.149 
9-576 
8.293 
7.008 
5,790 



1860. 



20,107 
13,405 

ri!484 
22,300 
16,816 

'ii'm 



11,267 
10.401 

14.620' 
15,376 
13,395 

"7,429 



14.048 
13,785 

l6',904 

12!647 

7,307 
13,401 



10,508 



10,004 
10,065 



10115 

2,874 



4850. 



7,834 

*'3,'235 
16,443 
12,205 

'i2,'369 



14,326 



),895 
),572 



60 



POPULATION OF THE STATES OF THE UNION. 



STATES. 
(37) 



Alabama 

Arkansas 

California 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts... 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire, 

New Jersey.. 

New York 

North Carolina.. 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania.... 

Rhode Island 

South Carolina.. 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Vermont 

Virginia. 

West Virginia, .. 
Wisconsin 



Area. 


Total 
Popula- 
tion 1870. 


Square 
Miles. 


50,722 


1,002,000 


5.M98 


473 174 


188,981 


549,808 


4,750 


537,117 


2,120 


125,015 


59 248 


189.995 


58,000 


1,174,832 


55,410 


2,529,410 


38,809 


1,055 675 


55,045 


1,181 359 


81.318 


379,497 


37.080 


1.320,407 


41,346 


784 420 


35.000 


628,719 


11,124 


790.095 


7,800 


1,457,351 


5H.451 


1,184,653 


83,531 


424,5i3 


47.156 


842056 


65 350 


1,691,693 


75.995 


116,888 


81.539 


42 456 


9,280 


317,710 


8,320 


903 044 


47,000 


4,370,846 


50,704 


1,016,954 


39.964 


2,652,302 


95,274 


90 878 


46 000 


3,511,513 


1306 


217.856 


34,000 


705.789 


45,600 


1,225 937 


274,356 


800.000 


10,212 


380,582 


38,352 


1.211.442 


23,000 


441.094 


53,924 


1,055,501 



Increase t 
from 1860 ^I^J.^?!! 



to 1870. 



Percent 



37,799 

37,724 
169814 

77,270 

12,799 

49,571 
117.550 
817,459 
305,247 
506,446 
272 291 
164.723 

26,418 
440 
103,046 
226,285 
435540 
252,520 

50,751 
509.681 
116,888 

42,456 

8,633 

231.009 

850,111 

24,832 
312.791 

38.413 
605 328 

42,736 
2,081 



116,136 

195,785 

15.484 


10.46 
32.46 
4.91 


56,218 


3.52 


279,621 


36.04 



3.92 

8 66 

44.69 

16.79 

11.41 

a5,30 

11.12 

47.75 

22.60 

75.04 

253 99 

14.99 

3.73 

.07 

1500 

18.38 

58.14 

146.79 

6.41 

3.03 

305.28 

51916 

+2.56 

34.37 

12.63 

2.45 

13.33 

73.64 

2083 

24.46 



61 



FOEEIGE" PATENTS. 




Americans who have inventions of 
importance and value for which they 
anticipate taking out patents in this 
and foreign countries, cannot be too 
cautious of the manner in which they 
proceed, and we would advise all such to procure experience 
and advice before allowing themselves to take the first step 
toward applying even for a patent in the United States, other- 
wise, owing to the peculiarity of foreign patent laws, they may 
unwittingly defeat the very object they have in view. In some 
foreign counties, the first importer can procure a patent, and 
there is therefore, no absolute safety for the actual inventor 
except by making his application in certain countries abroad, 
prior to the issue of his U. S. patent. 

That Europe offers many rich and important fields to the 
inventor no one will deny. England we need hardly refer to, 
for despite the peculiarity of her patent laws, she has long 
offered to inventors a field second in importance, if not equal 
to the United States. The forms and technicalities of the 
British law and practice, necessitate unusual caution and 
experience in applying for patents to avoid defeat, and inventors 
(especially foreign) have long hoped for a chance more liberal. 
France, despite the trouble through which she has recently 
passed, still offers a field hardly less advantageous than that of 
England, Belgium, though one of the least, is one of the most 
important of European States to command the attention of 
patentees and manufacturers. But we wish particularly to call 
American inventors and patentees' attention to the splendid 
and rapidly improving fields of Austria, Prussia and Russia. 
The introduction of new inventions into these countries has 



62 

been too long neglected by foreign patentees and owners of 
valuable patents. Russia especially, absolutely requires agri- 
cultural and other labor-saving machinery to develop her vast 
natural resources. Austria readily adopts useful inventions, 
and Prussia is undoubtedly the most advanced and enterprising 
state of Continental Europe. 

Though we would not advise inventors to secure patents in 
the colonies indiscriminately, as a large majority of inventions 
of unquestionable value in larger lands, are not adapted to the 
conditions and wants of the colonists, still there are many that 
could not fail to amply reward the patentee for the expense of 
introduction. 

The risk involved in applying for foreign patents, is, in most 
instances comparatively small, as examinations as to novelty 
are seldom made, and the invention is looked upon with favor. 

Although we are thoroughly conversant with the numerous 
difficulties and technicalities to be overcome in prosecuting 
applications for patents abroad, we feel no hesitation in offering 
our services in obtaining British, Continental and Colonial 
patents ; and being acquainted with all the modern improve- 
ments of importance, and having an extensive practical experi- 
ence in all the principal classes of machinery of modern times, 
and in developing inventions to be applied to the useful arts, we 
are enabled to advise as to the novelty of inventions, and clearly 
distinguish the old from the new portions of an improvement, 
which is of great importance in the preparation of specifica- 
tions for patents. 

The following information respecting foreign patents, is 
from necessity short, but we shall be pleased to furnish fur-her 
information to inventors and others interested, without charge, 
and we would say that being connected with reliable and 
competent agencies in London, Paris, Berlin, St. Petersburg, 
Vienna and the other important Continental capitals, we con- 
tinually and promptly receive notice of any changes in the 
laws or practice of the different countries. 



63 



ENGLAND. 

England is undoubtedly the first and most important 
country of Europe in which to secure the monopoly of an 
invention. Patents are granted for the " United Kingdom of 
Great Britain" for the term of fourteen years, for any ^'■new 
manufacture,''' or " improvement therein, that is ''new in the realm.'' 
The true inventor, or first importer of an invention (citizen or 
foreign), may obtain such patent. This latter provision renders 
it particularly important that American inventors should apply 
for English patents if possible before, or as soon after their 
United States patent is issued as practicable, if they would 
insure the invention against piracy. Married women, minors, 
executors or administrators, native or foreign, enjoy like privi- 
leges. Great care and vigilance is necessary in the preparation 
and prosecution of applications, owing to the technicalities of 
the official practice, and neglect for a single day, or a single 
error is sufficient to defeat success. Inventors cannot, therefore, 
be too careful in the selection of experienced and reliable 
attorneys. Space forbids our entering into details, as the 
subject would occupy a volume itself, but we shall be pleased 
to answer all inquiries without charge. Being immediately 
connected with one of the oldest and most reliable agencies in 
London, we are able to give each case entrusted to our hands, 
constant and personal attention before the office, — a necessity 
almost imperative to success, but possessed by few agents in 
this country. 

FKANCE. 

The law requiring the patentee to be the inventor or author, 
is now liberally interpreted, and it is held that the proprietor 
or foreign patentee, though not the actual inventor, may obtain 
a valid patent, and a firm or company secure a patent in its 
corporation or firm name. Patents are granted for fifteen 
years, unless the invention has been previously patented abroad, 
in which case it would bear date and expire with the previously 



64 

obtained patent. Two years time is allowed in which to intro- 
duce and work the patent, and in order to keep the patent 
alive, small annuities are required. French patents cover the 
colonies. 

All changes in foreign patent laws are promptly reported to 
us, so that we can at all times furnish correspondents with the 
latest information. 

BELGIUM. 

This country, though small in comparison to her neighbors, 
is by no means the least of importance to patentees. She 
presents a rich field for the working and disposing of useful 
inventions, on account of the advanced state of the useful arts 
to which her thick population have attained. Patents are granted 
for twenty years. Besides the first expense of obtaining a 
patent, a yearly government tax has to be paid to keep it in 
force. It is also necessai-y that the patent should be worked 
within a year of its introduction in any other country ; and if 
the invention has been patented elsewhere, it expired with 
such foreigQ patent. 

These requirements render it necessary that inventors should 
exercise caution in introducing their inventions abroad, if they 
wish to protect themselves in Belgium, and we would advise 
them to consult competent attorneys before making their inven- 
tion too public. 

Applications for patents for Belgium have to be made in the 
French language, with great care, and we offer patentees not 
only our services and superior facilities at a reasonable expense, 
but we will readily give them advice on the subject gratis. 

AUSTRIA. 

Another fine field for the inventor and patentee is Austria. 
Patents may be obtained by the actual inventor or his assignee, 
or authorized agent — native or foreign, — for any '-discovery, 
invention, or improvement," not known or used within the 



65 

empire, for a term of fifteen years or less. Preparations of 
food, medicines and beverages, or inventions contrary to sanitary 
laws or public regulations, are not patentable. The existence 
of a foreign patent would not prevent a patent issuing upon 
the same invention, provided it has not been w^orked within the 
empire, but such patent would be limited in duration to that 
of the patent abroad. A patent for less than fifteen years may 
be prolonged, but an extension beyond fifteen years can only be 
obtained by a special decree of the Emperor. It is necessary 
to work and introduce the invention within one year of the 
date of issue. Minor details and advice free by applying to us. 



HUNGARY. 

A SEPARATE patent is now granted the Kingdom of Hungary, 
and additional drawings and papers are required, but the cost 
is included in the patent for Austria, and all the regulations 
are the same. 

RUSSIA. 

Patents in this country are growing of more value and 
impoi"tance every year. In 1869, the government imposed a 
duty upon foreign machinery which had previously been 
admitted to the country free, excepting only agricultural 
machines and those for working fibrous materials. As a conse- 
quence of the enforcement of this duty, combined with rapid 
increase of railroads throughout the country, home-manufac- 
tures are rapidly increasing both in demand and production, 
and inventions are rapidly disposed of. This is especially the 
case wdtli labor-saving inventions, and those relating to railroads, 
agriculture, and the manufacture of iron and steel. 

Although the first cost of a patent in Russia is more than in 
any other European state, we believe for many inventions, the 
right in this country is proportionately the most valuable. 

Patents are allowed for three, five, and ten years, at the 
choice of the petitioner, who may be either the inventor or his 



66 



assignee, — a native or foreigner. Further particulars, costs, 
etc., furnished by us free of charge. 

SPAIN. 

The law denying an inventor a patent on firearms or other 
munitions of war has been modified, and inventors can now 
have full protection in this country in all branches of industry. 
When the invention is an importation, it is of five years duration, 
with the privilege of prolongation to ten years. The invention 
must be invariably worked within a year from the date of the 
patent, and must not remain unworked for the same length of 
time, to be kept in force. 

CUBA. 

The Governor-General is allowed to grant patents under the 
same regulations as those of Spain ; but applications are 
attended with much trouble, and great care must be observed 
in the preparation. 

TURKEY. 

"Firmans " or special privileges are granted by the Turkish 
Government for a term varying from three to twenty years, for 
new inventions. The application must be made in the name of 
the inventor, or the foreign patentee, if any ; otherwise the 
importer who has the written consent of the inventor may obtain 
the concession. Military Aveapons are not patentable. The cost 
of obtaining the "firman" cannot be fixed, as the expenses 
depend upon the demands of the ofiicials, no fee being named 
by the government. We will give further information to corres- 
pondents in respect to the probable cost of this patent in any 
particular case, if they will inform us of its nature and detailSc 

PRUSSIA. 

Contrary to the general rule in foreign countries, Prussia 
subjects all applications to an examination as to novelty, which 



67 

is made by the Royal Polytechnic Commission. If allowed 
(which is generally the case), the invention has to be introduced 
and worked within six months ; but, if good and sufficient 
reasons can be shown, an additional six months is allowed. 
Patents run for from five to sixteen years. Prolongations are 
not allowed. Americans cannot obtain these patents in their 
own names, though some other foreigners may under treaty 
stipulation. For this reason, patents are usually obtained 
through a resident, and are good and valid, if the matter is 
attended to with proper care. Our connections with agents in 
Europe, is such that we have never failed in securing an applica- 
tion that has been entrusted to our hands, and the patents in every 
instance have been valid and sufficient. Where the invention 
is upon a sewing-machine, a model is required, but in no other 
case. 

Patents in Prussia, as in most foreign countries, should be 
applied for before they issue in the United States. 

SAXONY. 

Patents are granted for from five to ten years, and must be 
worked within one year from the date of the grant. The patent 
must be secured in the name of a native, or person naturalized 
in Saxony in trust for the inventor, and can afterwards only be 
held by a citizeji of the German Confederation. 

HOLLAND. 

Patents may be secured in the name of the person possessing 
the invention, whether the inventor or not, or in the name of a 
resident ; but in case the patentee afterwards secures a patent 
for the same invention elsewhere, the patent in Holland becomes 
void. Unless, therefore, the inventor sec ares this patent last, 
he should secure it in the name of a resident agent. Patents 
may be obtained for five, ten or fifteen years, the government 
tax increasing with the length of the patent. The invention 
should be worked within two years. 



68 



BAVARIA. 

Imported patents expire with those previously obtained 
abroad ; otherwise the duration of the patent is fifteen years. 
A lesser term may be applied for and prolonged from year to 
year till the fifteen years are attained. Patents ought to be 
worked within three years, if not imported ; in which latter 
case the the invention must be introduced within one year. 

WURTEMBURG. 

The duration of imported patents is the same as those pre- 
viously obtained abroad ; otherwise patents are granted for 
from one to ten years. The invention is required to be intro- 
duced and worked within the first two years. 

SWEDEN. 

Patents for inventions that have been patented abroad expire 
with the foreign patent. Patents are issued for terms varying 
between from three to fifteen years. In this country two years 
are allowed for the introduction and working of a patented 
invention. 

NORWAY. 

Patents are granted for from five to ten years, the govern- 
ment reserving the right to fix the duration beyond five years. 
As in the case of Sweden, the invention must be worked within 
two years from the date of the patent. 

PORTUGAL. 

Imported patents expire with the previously obtained foreign 
patent for the same invention, if any ; otherwise patents are 
granted for fifteen years. The law requires the invention to 
be introduced before the expiration of half the time for which 
the patent is granted. 



69 



DENMARK. 

No special legislation exists in the country relative to patents, 
but special privileges are frequently granted by the crown on 
the recommendation of the Board of Customs, according to 
certain established rules. The duration of such patent is fixed 
by the government in each case, varying from between three to 
twenty years. The patent should be worked within the first 
year ot its existence, and is only kept in force by continuous 
working. 

GERMAN PRINCIPALITIES. 

In the principalities, no special legislation exists relating to 
patents, but they are granted by the government of each state 
on the favorable report of a scientific commission, for periods 
varying from one to fifteen years. 

ITALY. 

Patents are allowed for fifteen years, but expire with any 
previously obtained foreign patent. Additional improvements 
are allowed, and have the force of the original patent. 

GREECE. 

We are not aware of any special patent laws existing in 
Greece, but the Government is empowered to grant Letters 
Patent for" inventions, subject to the approval of the Senate. 
The practice is uncertain, and the cost variable. 

COLONIAL PATENTS. 

EAST INDIA. 

In this colony the patent laws are excellent, and the exclusive 
right is obtainable for fourteen years, at a comparatively small 
cost. Patents issued to the actual inventor or his assignee, and 



70 

to a foreign inventor or his authorized agent. Patents 
obtained in England, and afterwards secured in India, will 
expire with the English patent. 

NEW SOUTH WALES, QUEENSLAND AND SOUTH 
AUSTRALIA. 

These three colonies are almost identical in their patent laws 
and practice. Patents issued for from seven to fourteen years 
to the inventor or his authorized agent. Unlike most foreign 
countries, these colonies subject the invention to an examina- 
tion, as to novelty and utility. 

NEW ZEALAND. 

Provided a patent has not been obtained in the colony or 
any other country for the same invention, a patent can be 
obtained for the term of fourteen years, by colonist or alien. 
The law allows additional improvements and reissues, but no 
provision is made for extensions, nor is it required to introduce 
the invention within a certain period. 

CEYLON. 

The actual inventor or first importer (native or foreign), of 
an invention can procure a valid patent for fourteen years, with 
the privilege of extension for fourteen years additional. Where 
the invention has been secured in England, it may be protected 
by filing the specification and certified copy of the English 
patent, but the protection will expire with such patent. 

VICTORIA. 

The law in this colony provides for the patenting of " any new 
and useful manufacture" by the "true and first inventor," 
either colonist or non-resident, a mere importer being excluded. 
The application is subjected to a scientific examination, to 
determine its novelty or utility, and tho rule is enforced with 



71 

rigor in the case of the application of a foreign inventor, 
which renders it necessai'y to secure experienced assistance in 
the preparation of the application. The patent is good for four- 
teen years, and the working of the invention is not required 
within a certain period. 

TASMANIA. 

Excepting the subjecting of applications to a scientific 
examination, the laws and practice of this colony are essen- 
tially the same as those of Victoria. 



THE 

PATE N T LAWS 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 

Passed July 8, 1870. 



AN ACT to revise, consolidate, and amend the statutes relating 

to patents and copyrights. 

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled, That there shall 
be attached to the department of the interior, the office here- 
tofore established, known as the Patent Office, wherein all 
records, books, models, drawings, specitications, and other 
papers and things pertaining to patents shall be safely kept and 
preserved. 

Section 2. And he it further enacted, That the officers and 
employees of said office shall continue to be one commissioner 
of patents, one assistant commissioner, and three examiners- 
in-chief, to be appointed by the president, and by and with the 
advice and consent of the senate; one chief clerk, one exami- 
ner in charge of interferences, twenty-two principal examiners, 
twenty-two first assistant examiners, twenty-two second assist- 
ant examiners, one librarian, one machinist, five clerks of 
class four, six clerks of class three, fifty clerks of class two, 
forty-five clerks of class one, and one messenger and purchas- 
ing clerk, all of whom shall be appointed by the secretary of 
the interior, upon nomination of the commissioner of patents. 

Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That the secretary of the 
interior may also appoint, upon like nomination, such additional 



73 

clerks of classes two and one, and of lower grades, copyists of 
drawings, female copyists, skilled laborers, and watchmen, 
as may be from time to time appropriated for by congress. 

Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That the annual salaries of 
the officers and employees of the Patent Office shall be as 
follows : 

Of the commissioner of patents, four thousand five hundred 
dollars. 

Of the assistant commissioner, thre^ thousand dollars. 

Of the examiners-in-chief, three thousand dollars each. 

Of the chief clerk, two thousand five hundred dollars. 

Of the examiner in charge of interferences, two thousand 
five hundred dollars. 

Of the principal examiners, two thousand five hundred dol- 
lars each. 

Of the first assistant examiners, one thousand eight hundred 
dollars each. 

Of the second assistant examiners, one thousand six hundred 
dollars each. 

Of the librarian, one thousand eight hundred dollars. 

Of the machinist, one thousand six hundred dollars. 

Of the clerks of class four, one thousand eight hundred dol- 
lars each. 

Of the clerks of class three, one thousand six hundred dol- 
lars each. 

Of the clerks of class two, one thousand four hundred dol- 
lars each. 

Of the clerks of class one, one thousand two hundred dollars 
each. 

Of the messenger and purchasing clerk, one thousand dollars. 

Of laborers and watchmen, seven hundred and twenty dol- 
lars each. 

Of the additional clerks, copyists of drawings, female copy- 
ists, and skilled laborers, such rates as ma^y be fixed by the 
acts making appropriations for them. 

Sec. 5. And be it further enacted, That all officers and em- 
ployees of the Patent Office shall, before entering upon their 



74 

duties, make oath or affirmation truly and faithfully to execute 
the trusts committed to them. 

Sec. 6. And be it further enacted, That the commissioner and 
chief clerk, before entering upon ther duties, shall severally 
give bond, with sureties, to the treasurer of the United States, 
the former in the sum of ten thousand dollars, and the latter 
in the sum of five thousand dollars, conditioned for the faithful 
discharge of their duties, and that they will render to the 
proper officers of the treasury a true account of all money 
received by virtue of their office. 

Sec. 7. And he it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of 
the commissioner, under the direction of the secretary of the 
interior, to superintend or perform all the duties respecting 
the granting and issuing of patents which herein are, or may 
hereafter be, by law directed to be done ; and he shall have 
charge of all books, records, papers, models, machines, and 
other things belonging to said office. 

Sec. 8. And be it further enacted. That the commissioner may 
send and receive by mail, free of postage, letters, printed mat- 
ter, and packages relating to the business of his office, includ- 
ing Patent Office reports. 

Sec. 9. And be it further enacted, That the commissioner 
shall lay before congress, in the month of January, annually, 
a report giving a detailed statement of all moneys received for 
patents, for copies of records or drawings, or from any other 
source whatever ; a detailed statement of all expenditures for 
contingent and miscellaneous expenses ; a list of all patents 
which were granted during the preceding year, designating 
under proper heads the subjects of such patents ; an alphabeti- 
cal list of the patentees, with their places of residence; a list 
of all patents which have been extended during the year; and 
such other information of the condition of the Patent Office 
as may be useful to congress or the public. 

Sec. 10. And be il^further enacted. That the examiners-in-chief 
shiill be persons of competent legal knowledge and scientific 
ability, whose duty it shall be, on the written petition of the 
appellant, to revise and determine upon the validity of the 



75 

adverse decisions of examiners upon applications for patents, 
and for re-issues of patents, and in interference cases ; and 
when required by the commissioner, they shall hear and report 
upon claims for extensions, and perform such other like duties 
as he may assign them. 

Sec. 11. And be it further enacted, That in case of the death, 
resignation, absence, or sickness of the commissioner, his 
duties shall devolve upon the assistant commissioner until a 
successor shall be appointed, or such absence or sickness shall 
cease. 

Sec. 12. And be it further enacted, That the commissioner 
shall cause a seal to be provided for said office, with such 
device as the President may approve, with which all records or 
papers issued from said office, to be used in evidence, shall be 
authenticated. 

Sec. 13. And be it further enacted, That the commissioner shall 
cause to be classified and arranged in suitable cases, in the 
rooms and galleries provided for that purpose, the models, 
specimens of composition, fabrics, manufactures, works of art, 
and designs, which have been or shall be deposited in said 
office ; and said rooms and galleries shall be kept open during 
suitable hours for public inspection. 

Sec. 14, And be it further enacted, That the commissioner 
may restore to the respective applicants such of the models 
belonging to rejected applications as he shall not think necessary 
to be preserved, or he may sell or otherwise dispose of them 
after the application has been finally rejected for one year, 
paying the proceeds into the treasury, as other patent moneys 
are directed to be paid. 

Sec. 15. And be it further enacted, That there shall be pui-- 
chased for the use of said office, a library of such scientific 
works and periodicals, both foreign and American, as may aid 
the officers in the discharge of their duties, not exceeding the 
amount annually appropriated by congress for that purpose. 

Sec. 16. And be it further enacted, That all officers and 
employees of the Patent Office shall be incapable, during the 
period for which they shall hold their appointments, to acquiro 



76 

or take, directly or indirectly, except by inheritance or bequest, 
any right or interest in any patent issued by said office. 

Sec. 17. And be it further enacted, That for gross misconduct 
the commissioner may refuse to recognize any person as a 
patent agent, either generally or in any particular case ; but 
the reasons for such refusal shall be duly recorded, and be 
subject to the approval of the secretary of the interior. 

Sec. 18. And be it further enacted, That the commissioner 
may require all papers filed in the Patent Office, if not cor- 
rectly, legibly, and clearly written, to be printed at the cost of 
the party filing them. 

Sec. 19. And be it further enacted, That the commissioner, 
subject to the approval of the secretary of the interior, may 
from time to time establish rules and regulations, not incon- 
sistent with law, for the conduct of proceedings in the Patent 
Office. 

Sec. 20. Ajid be it further enacted, That the commissioner 
may print, or cause to be printed, copies of the specifications 
of all letters-patent, and of the drawings of the same, and 
copies of the claims of current issues, and copies of such laws, 
decisions, rules, regulations, and circulars as may be necessary 
for tlie information of the public. 

Sec. 21. And be it further enacted, That all patents shall be 
issued in the name of the United States of America, under the 
seal of the Patent Office, and shall be signed by the secretary 
of the interior, and countersigned by the commissioner, and 
they shall be recorded, together with the specification, in said 
office, in books to be kept for that purpose. 

Sec. 22. And be it further enacted, That every patent shall 
contain a short title or description of the invention or discov- 
ery, correctly indicating its nature and design, and grant to 
the patentee, his heirs or assigns, for the term of seventeen 
years, the exclusive right to make, use and vend the said 
invention or discovery throughout the United States and the 
territories thereof, referring to the specification for the parti- 
culars thereof; and a copy of said specifications and of the 
draAvings shall be annexed to the patent and be a part thereof. 



77 

Sec. 23. And be it further enacted, That every patent shall 
date as of a day not later than six months from the time 
at which it was passed and allowed, and notice thereof was 
sent to the applicant or his agent ; and if the final fee shall not 
be paid within that period, the patent shall be withheld. 

Sec. 24. And be it further enacted, That any person who has 
invented or discovered any new and useful art, machine, manu- 
facture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful im- 
provement thereof, not known or used by others in this country, 
and not patented or described in any printed publication in this 
or in any foreign country, before his invention or discovery 
thereof, and not in public use or on sale for more than two 
years prior to his application, unless the same is proved to 
have been abandoned, may. upon payment of the duty required 
by law, and other due proceedings had, obtain a patent 
therefor. 

Sec. 25. And be it further enacted, That no person shall be 
debarred from receiving a patent for his invention or discovery, 
nor shall any patent be declared invalid, by reason of its hav- 
ing been first patented or caused to be patented in a foreign 
country ; provided the same shall not have been introduced 
into public use in the United States for more than two years 
prior to the application, and that the patent shall expire at the 
same time with the foreign patent, or, if there be more than 
one, at the same time with the one having the shortest term; 
but in no case shall it be in force more than seventeen years. 

Sec. 26. And be it further enacted, That before any inventor 
or discoverer shall receive a patent for his invention or dis- 
covery, he shall make application therefor, in writing, to the 
commissioner, and shall file in the Patent Ofiice a wa'itten 
description of the same, and of the manner and process of 
making, constructing, compounding, and using it, in such full, 
clear, concise, and exact terms as to enable any person skilled 
in the art or science to which it appertains, or with which it is 
most nearly connected, to make, construct, compound, and use 
the same ; and in case of a machine, he shall explain the prin- 
ciple thereof, and the best mode in which he has contemplated 



78 

applying that principle, so as to distinguish it from other inven- 
tions ; and he shall particularly point out and distinctly claim 
the part, improvement, or combination which he claims as his 
invention or discovery ; and said specification and claim shall 
be signed by the inventor and attested by two witnesses. 

Sec. 27. A^id be it further enacted, That when the nature of 
the case admits of drawings, the applicant shall furnish one 
copy signed by the inventor or his attorney in fact, and attested 
by two witnesses, which shall be filed in the Patent Office ; and 
a copy of said drawings, to be furnished by the Patent Office, 
shall be attached to the patent as a part of the specification. 

Sec. 28. And be it further enacted, That when the invention or 
discovery is of a composition of matter, the applicant, if required 
by the commissioner, shall furnish specimens of ingredients 
and of the composition, sufficient in quantity for the purpose 
of experiment. 

Sec. 29. And be it further enacted, That in all cases which 
admit of representation by model, the applicant, if required by 
the commissioner, shall furnish one of convenient size to 
exhibit advantageously the several parts of his invention or 
discovery. 

Sec. 30. A7id be it further enacted. That the applicant shall 
make oath or affirmation that he does verily believe himself to 
be the original and first inventor or discoverer of the art, 
machine, manvifacture, composition or improvement for which 
he solicits a patent ; that he does not know and does not believe 
that the same was ever before known or used ; and shall state 
of what country he is a citizen. And said oath or affirmation 
may be made before any person in the United States authorized 
by law to administer oaths ; or when the applicant resides in a 
foreign country, before any minister, charge d'affaires, consul, 
or commercial agent, holding commission under the government 
of the United States, or before any notary public of the foreign 
country in which the applicant may be. 

Sec. 31. And be it further enacted, That on the filing of any 
such application and the payment of the duty required by law, 
the commissioner shall cause an examination to be made of the 



79 

alleged new invention or discovery ; and if on such examina- 
tion it shall appear that the claimant is justly entitled to a 
patent under the law, and that the same is suflSciently useful 
and important, the commissioner shall issue a patent therefor. 

Sec. 32. And be it further enacted, That all applications for 
patents shall be completed and prepared for examination within 
two years after the filing of the petition, and in default thereof, 
or upon failure of the applicant to prosecute the same within 
two years after any action therein, of which notice shall have 
been given to the applicant, they shall be regarded as abandoned 
by the parties thereto, unless it be shown to the satisfaction 
of the Commissioner that such delay was unavoidable. 

Sec. 33. And be it further enacted, That patents may be granted 
and issued or re-issued to the assignee of the inventor or dis- 
coverer, the assignment thereof being first entered on record 
in the Patent OflBce ; but in such case the application for the 
patent shall be made, and the specification sworn to, by the 
inventor or discoverer ; and also, if he be living, in case of an 
application for re-issue. 

Sec. 34. And be it further enacted. That when any person, 
having made any new invention or discovery for which a patent 
might have been granted, dies before a patent is granted, the 
right of applying for and obtaining the patent shall devolve on 
his executor or administrator, in trust for the heirs at law of the 
deceased, in case he shall have died intestate ; or if he shall 
have left a will, disposing of the same, then in trust for his 
devisees, in as full manner and on the same terms and condi- 
tions as the same might have been claimed or enjoyed by him 
in his lifetime ; and when the application shall be made by 
such legal representatives, the oath or afiftrmation required to 
be made shall be so varied in form that it can be made by them. 

Sec. 35. And be it further enacted, That any person who has 
an interest in an invention or discovery, whether as inventor, 
discoverer, or assignee, for which a patent was ordered to issue 
upon the payment of the final fee, but who has failed to make 
payment thereof within six months from the time at which it 
was passed and allowed, and notice thereof was sent to the 



80 

applicant or his agent, shall have a right to make an applica- 
tion for a patent for such invention or discovery the same as in 
the case of an original application : Provided, That the second 
application be made within two years after the allowance of 
the original application. But no person shall be held respon- 
sible in damages for the manufacture or use of any article or 
thing for which a patent, as aforesaid, was ordered to issue, 
prior to the issue thereof : And provided, further, That when an 
application for a patent has been rejected or withdrawn, prior 
to the passage of this act, the applicant shall have six months 
from the date of such passage to renew his application, or to 
file a new one , and if he omit to do either, his application 
shall be held to have been abandoned. Upon the hearing of 
such renewed applications abandonment shall be considered as 
a question of fact. 

Sec. 36. And be it further enacted, That every patent or any 
interest therein shall be assignable in law, by an instrument in 
writing ; and the patentee or his assigns or legal representa- 
tives may, in like manner, grant and convey an exclusive right 
under his patent to the whole or any specified part of the United 
States ; and said assignment, grant, or conveyance, shall be 
void as against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a 
valuable consideration, without notice, unless it is recorded in 
the Patent Office within three months from the date thereof. 

Sec. 37. And be it further enacted. That every person who 
may have purchased of the inventor, or with his knowledge 
and consent may have constructed any newly invented or dis- 
covered machine, or other patentable article, prior to the appli- 
cation by the inventor or discoverer for a patent, or sold or 
used one so constructed, shall have the right to use, and vend 
to others to be used, the specific thing so made or purchased, 
without liability therefor. 

Sec. 38. And be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty 
of all patentees, and their assigns and legal representatives, 
and of all persons making or vending any patented article for 
or under them, to give sufficient notice to the public that the 
same is patented, either by fixing thereon the word " patented," 



81 

together with the day and year the patent was granted : or 
when, from the character of the article, this can not be done, 
by fixing to it or to the package wherein one or more of them 
is inclosed, a label containing the like notice ; and in any suit 
for infringement, by the party failing so to mark, no damages 
shall be recovered by the plaintiff, except on proof that the 
defendant was duly notified of the infringement, and continued, 
after such notice, to make, use, or vend the article so patented. 

Sec- 39. Afid be it further enacted, That if any person shall, in 
any manner, mark upon anything made, used or sold by him for 
which he has not obtained a patent, the name or any imitation 
of the name of any person who has obtained a patent therefor, 
without the consent of such patentee, or his assigns or legal 
representatives ; or shall in any manner mark upon or afiix to 
any such patented article the word •• patent" or "patentee," 
or the words "letters-patent," or any word of like import. 
with intent to imitate or counterfeit the mark or device of the 
patentee, without having the license or consent of such patentee 
or his assigns or legal representatives ; or shall in any manner 
mark upon or affix to any unpatented article the word "patent," 
or any word importing that the same is patented, for the pur- 
pose of deceiving the public, he shall be liable for every such 
offence to a penalty of not Less than one hundred dollars, with 
costs ; one moiety of said penalty to the person who shall sue 
for the same, and the other to the use of the United States, to 
be recovered by suit in any district court of the United States 
within whose jurisdiction such offence may have been com- 
mitted. 

Sec. 40. A/id be it further enacted. That any citizen of tlie 
United States, who shall have made any new invention or dis- 
covery, and shall desire further time to mature the same, may, 
on payment of the duty required by law. file in the Patent 
Office a caveat setting forth the design thereof, and of its dis- 
tinguishing characteristics, and praying protection of his right 
until he shall have matured his invention ; and such caveat 
shall be filed in the confidential archives of the office and pre- 
served in secrecy, and shall be operative for the term of one 



82 

year from the filing thereof, and if application shall be made 
within the year by any other person for a patent with which 
such caveat would in any manner interfere, the Commissioner 
shall deposit the description, specifications, drawings, and 
model of such application in like manner in the confidential 
archives of the office, and give notice thereof, by mail, to the 
person filing the caveat, who, if he would avail himself of his 
caveat shall file his description, specifications, drawings, and 
model within three months from the time of placing said notice in 
the post office in Washington, with the usual time required for 
transmitting it to the caveator added thereto, which time shall 
be indorsed on the notice And an alien shall have the privi- 
lege herein granted, if he shall have resided in the United 
States one year next preceding the filing of his caveat, and 
made oath of his intention to become a citizen. 

Sec. 41. And be it further enacted, That whenever, on exami- 
nation, any claim for a patent is rejected for any reason what- 
ever, the Commissioner shall notify the applicant thereof, giving 
him briefly the reasons for such rejection, together with such 
information and references as may be useful in judging of the 
propriety of renewing his application or of altering his speci- 
fication ; and if, after receiving such notice, the applicant shall 
persist in his claim for a patent, with or without altering his 
specifications, the Commissioner shall order a reexaminion of 
the case. 

Sec. 42. And be it further enacted, That whenever an applica- 
tion is made for a patent which, in the opinion of the Commis- 
sioner, Avould interfere with any pending application, or with 
any unexpired patent, he shall give notice thereof to the appli- 
cants, or applicant and patentee, as the case may be, and shall 
direct the primary examiner to proceed to determine the ques- 
tion of priority of invention. And the Commissioner may 
issue a patent to the party who shall be adjudged the prior 
inventor, unless the adverse party shall appeal from the deci- 
sion of the primary examiner, or of the board of examiners- 
in-chief, as the case may be, within such time, not less than 
twenty days, as the Commissioner shall prescribe. 



83 

Sec. 43. And be it further enacted, That the Commissioner may 
establish rules fox- taking affidavits and depositions required in 
cases pending in the Patent Office, and such affidavits and 
depositions may be taken before any officer authorized by law 
to take depositions to be used in the courts of the United 
States, or of the State where the officer resides. 

Sec. 4-4. And be it further enacted, That the clerk of any court 
of the United States, for any district or territory wherein tes- 
timony is to be taken for use in any contested case pending in 
the Patent Office, shall, upon the application of any party 
thereto, or his agent or attorney, issue subpoena for any witness 
residing or being within said district or territory, commanding 
him to appear and testify before any officer in said district or 
territory authorized to take depositions and affidavits, at any 
time and place in the subpoena stated ; and if any witness, 
after being duly served with such subpoena, shall neglect or 
refuse to appear, or after appearing shall refuse to testify, the 
judge of the court whose clerk issued the subpoena may, on 
proof of such neglect or refusal, enforce obedience to the pro- 
cess, or punish the disobedience as in other like cases. 

Sec. 45. And be it further enacted, That every witness duly 
subpoenaed and in attendance shall be allowed the same fees 
as are allowed to witnesses attending the courts of the United 
States, but no witness shall be required to attend at any place 
more than forty miles from the place where the subpoena is 
served upon him, nor be deemed guilty of contempt for dis- 
obeying such subpoena, unless his fees and travelling expenses 
in going to, returning from, and one day's attendance at the 
place of examination, are paid or tendered him at the time of 
the service of the subpoena ; nor for refusing to disclose any 
secret invention or discovery made or owned by himself. 

Sec. 46. And be it further enacted, That every applicant for a 
patent or the re-issue of a patent, any of the claims of which 
have been twice rejected, and every party to an interference, 
may appeal from the decision of the primary examiner, or of 
the examiner in charge of interference, in such case to the 
board of examiners-in-chief, having once paid the fee for such 
appeal provided by law 



84 

Sec. 47. And be it further enacted, That if such party is dis- 
satisfied with the decision of the examiners-in-chief, he may, 
on payment of the duty required by law, appeal to the Com- 
missioner in person. 

Sec. 48. And be it further enacted, That if such party, except 
a party to an interference, is dissatisfied with the decision of 
the Commissioner, he may appeal to the Supreme Court of the 
District of Columbia, sitting in banc. 

Sec. 49. And be it further enacted, That when an appeal is 
taken to the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia the 
appellant shall give notice thereof to the Commissioner, and 
file in the Patent Ofl&ce, within such time as the Commissioner 
shall appoint, his reasons of appeal, specifically set forth in 
writing. 

Sec. 50. And be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty 
of said court, on petition, to hear and determine such appeal, 
and to revise the decision appealed from in a summary way, on 
the evidence produced before the Commissioner, at such early 
and convenient time as the court may appoint, notifying the 
Commissioner of the time and place of hearing, and the 
revision shall be confined to the points set forth in the reason 
of appeal. And after hearing the case, the court shall return 
to the Commissioner a certificate of its proceedings and deci- 
sion, which shall be entered of record in the Patent Office, and 
govern the further proceedings in the case. But no opinion or 
decision of the court in any such case shall preclude any per- 
son interested from the right to contest the validity of such 
patent in any court wherein the same may be called in question. 

Sec. 51 And be it further enacted. That on receiving notice 
of the time and place of hearing such appeal, the Commissioner 
shall notify all ])arties who appear to be interested therein, in 
such manner as the court may prescribe. The party appealing 
shall lay before the court certified copies of all the original 
papers and evidence in the case, and the Commissioner shall 
furnish it with the grounds of his decision, fully set forth in 
writing, touching all the points involved by the reasons of 
appeal. And at the request of any party interested, or of the 



85 

court, the Commissioner and the examiners may be examined 
under oath in explanation of the principles of the machine or 
other thing for which a patent is demanded. 

Sec. 52. And be it further enacted, That whenever a patent on 
application is refused, for any reason whatever, either by the 
Commissioner or by the Supreme Court of the District of Col- 
umbia upon appeal from the Commissioner, the applicant may 
have remedy by bill in equity ; and the court having cognizance 
thereof, on notice to adverse parties and other due proceedings 
had, may adjudge that such applicant is entitled, according to 
law, to receive a patent for his invention, as specified in his 
claim, or for any part thereof, as the facts in the case may 
appear. And such adjudication, if it be in favor of the right 
of the applicant, shall authorize the Commissioner to issue such 
patent, on the applicant filing in the Patent Ofl&ce a copy of 
the adjudication, and otherwise complying with the requisitions 
of law. And in all cases where there is no opposing party a 
copy of the bill shall be served on the commissioner, and all 
the expenses of the proceeding shall be paid by the applicant, 
whether the final decision is in his favor or not. 

Sec. 53. And be it further enacted, That whenever any patent 
is inoperative or invalid, by reason of a defective or insufficient 
specification, or by reason of the patentee claiming as his own 
invention or discovery more than he "had a right to claim as 
new, if the error has arisen by inadvertence, accident or mis- 
take, and without any fraudulent or deceptive intention, the 
Commissioner shall, on the surrender of such patent and the 
payment of the duty required by law, cause a new patent for 
the same invention, and in accordance with the corrected speci- 
fication, to be issued to the patentee, or, in the case of his 
death or assignment of the whole or any undivided part of the 
original patent, to his executors, administrators, or assigns, for 
the unexpired part of the term of the original patent, the sur- 
render of which shall take effect upon the issue of the amended 
patent; and the Commissioner may, in his discretion, caus& 
several patents to be issued for distinct and separate parts of 
the thing patented, upon demand of the applicant, and upon. 



86 

payment of the required fee for a re-issue for each of such 
re-issued letters-patent. And the specifications and claim in 
every such case shall be subject to revision and restriction in 
the same manner as original applications are. And the patent 
so re-issued, together with the corrected specification, shall 
have the effect and operation in law, on the trial of all actions 
for causes thereafter arising, as though the same had been 
originally filed in such corrected forms ; but no new matter 
shall be introduced into the specification, nor in case of a 
machine patent shall the model or drawings be amended, except 
each by the other ; but when there is neither model nor draw- 
ing, amendments may be made upon proof satisfactory to the 
Commissioner that such new matter or amendment was a part 
of the original invention, and was omitted from the specifica- 
tion by inadvertence, accident, or mistake, as aforesaid. 

Sec. 54. And be it further enacted, That whenever, through 
inadvertence, accident, or mistake, and without any fraudulent 
or deceptive intention, a patentee has claimed more than that of 
which he was the original or first inventor or discoverer, his 
patent shall be valid for all that part which is truly and justly 
his own, provided the same is a material or substantial part of 
the thing patented • and any such patentee, his heirs, or 
assigns, either of the whole or any sectional interest therein, 
may, on payment of the duty required by law, make disclaimer 
of such parts of the thing patented as he shall not choose to 
claim or to hold by virtue of the patent or assignment, stating 
therein the extent of his interest in such patent; said dis- 
claimer shall bo in writing, attested by one or more witnesses, 
and recorded in the Patent OflSce, and it shall thereafter be 
considered as part of the original specification to the extent 
of the interest possessed by the claimant and by those claiming 
under him after the record thereof. But no such disclaimer 
shall affect any action pending at the time of its being filed, 
except so far as may relate to the question of unreasonable 
neglect or delay in filing it. 

Sec. 55. And be it further enacted, That all actions, suits, con- 
troversies, and cases arising under the patent laws of the 



87 

United States shall be originally cognizable, as well in equity 
as at law, by the circuit courts of the United States, or in any 
district court having the powers and jurisdiction of a circuit 
court, or by the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, or 
of any territory ; and the court shall have power, upon bill in 
equity filed by any party aggrieved, to grant injunctions accord- 
ing to the course and principles of courts of equity, to prevent 
the violation of any right secured by patent, on such terms as 
the court may deem reasonable ; and upon a decree being ren- 
dered in any such case for an infringement, the claimant shall 
be entitled to recover, in addition to the profits to be accounted 
for by the defendant, the damages the complainant has sus- 
tained thereby, and the court shall assess the same or cause the 
same to be assessed under its direction, and the court shall 
have the same powers to increase the same in its discretion 
that are given by this act to increase the damages found by 
verdicts in actions upon the case ; but all actions shall be 
brought during the term for which the letters-patent shall be 
granted or extended, or within six years after the expiration 
thereof. 

Sec. 56. And be it further enacted, That a writ of error or 
appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States shall lie from 
all judgments and decrees of any circuit court, or of any dis- 
trict court exercising the jurisdiction of a circuit court, or of 
the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, or of any ter- 
ritory, in any action, suit, controversy, or case, at law or in 
equity, touching patent rights, in the same manner and under 
the same circumstances as in other judgments and decrees of 
such circuit courts, without regard to the sum of value in 
controversy. 

Sec. 57. And be it further enacted, That written or printed 
copies of any records, books, papers, or drawings belonging to 
the Patent Office, and of letters-patent under the signature of 
the Commissioner or Acting Commissioner, with the seal of 
office affixed, shall be competent evidence in all cases wherein 
the originals oould be evidence, and any person making appli- 
cation therefor, and paying the fee required by law, shall have 



88 

certified copies thereof. And copies of the specifications and 
drawings of foreign letters-patent, certified in like manner, 
shall hQ prima facie evidence of the fact of the granting of such 
foreign letters-patent, and the date and contents thereof. 

Sec. 58. And be it further enacted, That whenener there shall 
be interfering patents, any person interested in any of such 
interfering patents, or in the working of the invention claimed 
under either of such patents, may have relief against the inter- 
fering patentee, and all parties interested under him by suit 
in equity against the owners of the interfering patent ; and the 
court having cognizance thereof, as herein before provided, or 
notice to adverse parties, and other due proceedings had accord- 
ing to the course of equity, may adjudge and declare either of 
the patents void in whole or in part, or inoperative, or invalid 
in any particular part of the United States, according to the 
interest of the parties in the patent or the invention patented. 
But no such judgment or adjudication shall efi^ect the rights of 
any person except the parties to the suit and those deriving 
title under them subsequent to the rendition of such judgment. 

Sec. 59. And be it further enacted, That damages for the 
infringement of any patent may be recovered by action on the 
case in any circuit court of the United States, or district court 
exercising the jurisdiction of a circuit court, or in the Supreme 
Court of the District of Columbia, or of any territory, in the 
name of the party interested, either as patentee, assignee, or 
grantee. And whenever in any such action a verdict shall be 
rendered for the plaintiff, the court may enter judgment thereon 
for any sum above tlie amount found by the verdict as the actual 
damages sustained, according to the circumstances of the case, 
not exceeding three times the amount of such verdict, together 
with the costs. 

Sec. 60. And he it further enacted, That whenever, through 
inadvertence, accident, or mistake, and without any willful 
default or intent to defraud or mislead the public, a patentee 
shall have (in his specification) claimed to be the original and 
first inventor or discoverer of any material or substantial part 
of the thing patented, of Avliich he was not the original and 



J 



89 

first inventor or discoverer aforesaid, every such patentee, his 
executors, administrators, and assigns, whether of the whole 
or any sectional interest in tlie patent, may maintain a suit at 
at law or in equity for the infringement of any part thereof 
which was bona fide his own, provided it shall be a material 
and substantial part of the thing patented, and be definitely 
distinguishable from the parts so claimed, Avithout right as 
aforesaid, notwithstanding the specifications may embrace more 
than that of which the patentee was the original or first inventor 
or discoverer. But in every such case in which a judgment or 
decree shall be rendered for the plaintiff, no costs shall be 
recovered unless the proper disclaimer has been entered at the 
Patent Office before the commencement of the suit ; nor shall 
he be entitled to the benefits of this section if he shall have 
unreasonably neglected or delayed to enter said disclaimer. 

Sec. 61 And be it further enacted. That in any action for 
infringement the defendant may plead the general issue, and, 
having given notice in writing to the plaintiff or his attorney, 
thirty days before, may prove on trial any one or more of the 
following special matters : 

First. That for the purpose of deceiving the public the de- 
scription and specification filed by the patentee in the Patent 
Office was made to contain less than the whole truth relative to 
his invention or discovery, or more than is necessary to pro- 
duce the desired effect ; or. 

Second. That he had surreptitioiisly or unjustly obtained the 
patent for that which was in fact invented by another, who was 
using reasonable diligence in adapting and perfecting the same ; 
or, 

Third. That it has been patented or described in some printed 
publication prior to his supposed invention or discovery 
thereof: or, 

Fourth. That he was not the original and first inventor or 
discoverer of any material and substantial part of the thing 
patented : or. 

Fifth. That it had been in public use or on sale in this coun- 
try for more than two years before his application for a patent, 
or had been abandoned to the public. 



90 

And in notice as to proof of previous invention, knowledge, 
or use of the thing patented, the defendant shall state the 
names of patentees and the dates of their patents, and when 
granted, and the names and residences of the persons alleged 
to have invented or to have had the prior knowledge of the 
thing patented, and where and by whom it had been used ; and 
if anyone or more of the special matters alleged shall be found 
for the defendant, judgment shall be rendered for him with 
costs. And the like defenses may be pleaded in any suit in 
equity for relief against an alleged infringement ; and proofs of 
the same may be given upon like notice in the answer of the 
defendant, and with the like eflFect. 

Sec. 62. And be it further enacted, That whenever it shall 
appear that the patentee, at the time of making his application 
for the patent, believed himself to be the original and first 
inventor or discoverer of the thing patented, the same shall 
not be held to be void on account of the invention or discovery, 
or any part thereof, having been known or used in a foreign 
country, before his invention or discove^'y thereof, if it had not 
been patented, or described in a printed publication. 

Sec. 63. A7id be it further enacted, That where the patentee of 
an invention or discovery, the patent for which was granted 
prior to the second day of March, eighteen hundred and sixty- 
one, shall desire an extension of his patent beyond the original 
term of its limitation, he shall make application therefor, in 
writing, to the commissioner, setting forth the reason why such 
extension should be granted ; and he shall also furnish a written 
statement under oath of the ascertained value of the invention 
or discovery, and of his receipts and expenditures on account 
thereof, sufficiently in detail to exhibit a true and faithful 
account of the loss and profit in any manner accruing to him 
by reason of said invention or discovery. And said application 
shall be filed not more than six months nor less than ninety 
days before the expiration of the original term of the patent, 
and no extension shall be granted after the expiration of said 
original term. 

Sec. 64. And be it further enacted, That upon the receipt of 



91 

such application, and the payment of the duty required by law, 
the commissioner shall cause to be published in one newspaper 
in the city of Washington, and in such other papers published 
in the section of the country most interested adversely to the 
extension of the patent as he may deem proper, for at least sixty 
days prior to the day set for hearing the case, a notice of such 
application, and of the time and place when and where the 
same will be considered, that any person may appear and show 
cause why the extension should not be granted. 

Sec. 65. And be it further enacted, That on the publication of 
such notice, the commissioner shall refer the case to the prin- 
cipal examiner having charge of the class of inventions to 
which it belongs, who shall make to said commissioner a full 
report of the case, and particularly whether the invention or 
discovery was new and patentable when the original patent was 
granted. 

Sec 66 And be it further ejiacted, That the commissioner 
shall, at the time and place designated in the published notice, 
hear and decide upon 'the evidence produced, both for and 
against the extension ; and if it shall appear to his satisfaction 
that the patentee, without neglect or fault on his part, has 
failed to obtain from the use and sale of his invention or dis- 
covery a reasonable remuneration for the time, ingenuity, and 
expense bestowed upon it, and the introduction of it into use, 
and that it is just and proper, having due regard to the public 
interest, that the term of the patent should be extended, the 
said Commissioner shall make a certificate thereon, renewing 
and extending the said patent for the term of seven years from 
the expiration of the first term, which certificate shall be re- 
corded in the Patent Ofl&ce, and thereupon the said patent shall 
have the same effect in law as though it had been originally 
granted for twenty-one years. 

Sec. 67. And be it further enacted, That the benefit of the ex- 
tension of a patent shall extend to the assignees and grantees 
of the right to use the thing patented to the extent of their in- 
terest therein. 

Sec. 68. And be it further enacted, That the following shall be 
the rates for patent fees: 



92 

On filing each original application for a patent, fifteen dollars. 

On issuing each original patent, twenty dollars. 

On filing each caveat, ten dollars. 

On every application for the re-issue of a patent, thirty dollars. 

On filing each disclaimer, ten dollars. 

On every application for the extension of a patent, fifty dollar?. 

On the granting of every extension of a patent, fifty dollars. 

On an appeal for the first time from the primary examiners 
to the examiners-in-chief, ten dollars. 

On every appeal from the examiners-in-chief to the Commis- 
sioner, twenty dollars. 

For certified copies of patents and other papers, ten cents per 
hundred words. 

For recording every assignment, agreement, power of attor- 
ney, or other paper, of three hundred words or under, one dol- 
lar; of over three hundred and under one thousand words, two 
dollars; of over one thousand words, three dollars. 

For copies of drawings, the reasonable cost of making them. 

Sec. 69. A}id he it farther enacted, That patent fees may be 
paid to the Commissioner or to the treasurer, or any of the 
assistant treasurers of the United States, or to any of the desig- 
nated depositaries, national banks, or receivers of public money 
designated by the Secretary of the Treasury for that purpose, 
who shall give the depositor a receipt or certificate of deposit 
therefcr. And all money received at the Patent Office, for any 
purpose, or from any source whatever, shall be paid into the 
treasury as received, without any deduction whatever; and all 
disbursements for said office shall be made by the disbursing 
clerk of the Interior Department. 

Sec. 70. And he it further enacted, That the treasurer of the 
United States is authorized to pay back any sum or sums of 
money to any person who shall have paid the same into the 
treasury, or to any receiver or depositary, to the credit of the 
treasurer, as for fees accruing at the Patent Office through mis- 
take, certificate thereof being made to said treasurer by the 
Commissioner of Patents. 

Sec. 71. And he it further enacted, That any person who, by 



93 

his own industry, genius, efforts, and expense, has invented or 
produced any new and original design for a manufacture, bust, 
statue, alto-relievo, or bas-relief; any new and original design 
for the printing of woolen, silk, cotton, or other fabrics; any 
new and original impression, ornament, pattern, print, or pic- 
ture, to be printed, painted, cast, or otherwise placed on or 
worked into any article of manufacture; or any new, useful 
and original shape or configuration of any article of manufac- 
ture, the same not having been known or used by others before 
his invention or production thereof, or patented or described in 
any printed publication, may, upon payment of the duty re- 
quired by law, and other due proceedings had the same as in 
cases of inventions or discoveries, obtain a patent therefor. 

Sec. 72. A?id be it further enacted, That the Commissioner may 
dispense with models of designs when the design can be suffi- 
ciently represented by drawings or photographs. 

Sec. 73. Afid be it further enacted, That patents for designs 
may be granted for the term of three years and six months, or 
for seven years, or for fourteen years, as the applicant may, in 
his application, elect. 

Sec. 74. A?id be it further enacted, That patentees of designs 
issued prior to March two, eighteen hundred and sixty-one, 
shall be entitled to extension of their respective patents for the 
term of seven years, in the same manner and under the same 
restrictions as are provided for the extension of patents for in- 
ventions or discoveries, issued prior to the second day of March, 
eighteen hundred and sixty-one. 

Sec. 75. And be it further e7iacted, That the following shall 
be the rates of fees in design cases : 

For three years and six months, ten dollars. 

For seven years, fifteen dollars. 

For fourteen years, thirty dollars. 

For all other cases in which fees are required, the same rates 
as in cases of inventions or discoveries. 

Sec, 76, And be it further enacted, That all the regu'ations 
and provisions which apply to the obtaining or protection of 
patents for inventions or discoveries, not inconsistent with the 
provisions of this act, shall apply to j)atents for designs. 



94 

Sec. 77. And be it further enacted, That any person or firm 
domiciled in the United States, and any corporation created by 
the authority of the United States, or of any State or territory 
thereof, and any person, firm, or corporation resident of or lo- 
cated in any foreign country which by treaty or convention 
affords similar privileges to citizens of the United States, and 
who are entitled to the exclusive use of any lawful trade-mark, 
or who intend to adopt and use any trade-mark for exclusive 
use within the United States, may obtain protection for such 
lawful trade-mark by complying with the following require- 
ments, to wit : 

First. By causing to be recorded in the Patent Office the 
names of the parties and their residences and place of business, 
wlio desire the protection of the trade-mark. 

Second. The class of merchandise and the particular descrip- 
tion of" goods comprised in such class, by which the trade-mark 
has been or is intended to be appropriated. 

Third. A description of the trade-mark itself , with, fac similes 
tlicreof, and the mode in which it has been or is intended to be 
applied or used. 

Fourth. The length of time, if any, during which the trade- 
mark has been used. 

Fifth. The payment of a fee of twenty-five dollars, in the 
same manner and for the same purpose as the fee required for 
patents. 

Sixth. The compliance with such regulations as may be pre- 
scribed by the Commissioner of Patents. 

Seventh. The filing of a declaration, under the oath of the 
person, or of some member of the firm, or officer of the corpo- 
ration, to the eff"ect that the party claiming protection for the 
trade-mark has a right to the use of the same, and that no other 
person, firm or corporation has the right to such use, either in 
the identical form, or having such near resemblance thereto as 
might be calculated to deceive, and that the description a,nd fac- 
similes presented for record are true copies of the trade-mark 
sought to be protected. 

Sec. 78. And be it further enacted, That such trade-mark shall 



95 

remain in force for thirty years from the date of such registra- 
tion, except in cases where such trade-mark is claimed for and 
applied to articles not manufactured in this country and in 
which it receives protection under the laws of any foreign 
country for a shorter period, in which case it shall cease to 
have any force in this country by virtue of this act at the same 
time that it becomes of no effect elsewhere ; and during the 
period that it remains in force it shall entitle the person, firm 
or corporation registering the same to the exclusive use thereof 
so far as regards the description of goods to which it is appro- 
priated in the statement filed under oath as aforesaid, and no 
other person shall law^fully use the same trade-mark, or sub- 
stantially the same, or so nearly resembling it as to be calculated 
to deceive, upon substantially the same description of goods : 
Provided, That six months prior to the expiration of said term 
of thirty years, application may be made for a renewal of such 
registration, under regulations to be prescribed by the Commis- 
sioner of Patents, and the fee for such renewal shall be the 
same as for the original registration ; certificate of such renewal 
shall be issued in the same manner as for the original registra- 
tion, and such trade-mark shall remain in force for a further 
term of thirty years: And provided further, That nothing in this 
section shall be construed by any court as abridging or in any 
manner affecting unfavorably the claim of any person, firm, 
corporation or company, to any trade-mark after the expiration 
of the term for which such trade-mark was registered. 

Sec 79. And be it further enacted, That any person or cor- 
poration who shall reproduce, counterfeit, copy, or imitate any 
such recorded trade-mark, and affix the same to goods of sub- 
stantially the same descriptive properties and qualities as those 
referred to in the registration, shall be liable to an action in 
the case for damages for such wrongful use of said trade-mark, 
at the suit of the owner thereof, in any court of competent 
jurisdiction in the United States, and the party aggrieved shall 
also have his remedy according to the course of equity to enjoin 
the wrongful use of his trade-mark and to recover compensation 
therefor in any court having jurisdiction over the person guilty 



96 

of such wrongful use. The Commissioner of Patents shall not 
receive and record any proposed trade-mark which is not and 
cannot become a lawful trade-mark, or which is merely the 
name of a person, firm, or corporation only, unaccompanied by 
a mark sufficient to distinguish it from the same name when 
used by other persons, or which is identical with the trade- 
mark appropriate to the same class of merchandise and belong- 
ing to a different owner, and already registered or received for 
registration, or which so nearly resembles such last-mentioned 
trade-mark as to be likely to deceive the public: Provided, That 
this section shall not prevent the registry of any lawful trade- 
mark rightfully used at the passage of this act. 

Sec. 80. Aiid he it further enacted, That the time of the receipt 
of any trade-mark at the Patent Office for registration shall be 
noted and recorded, and copies of the trade-mark and of the 
date of the receipt thereof, and of the statement filed there- 
with, under the seal of the Patent Office, certified by the Com- 
missioner, shall be evidence in any suit in Avhich such trade-mark 
shall be brouglit in controversy. 

Sec. 81. And be it further enacted. That the Commissioner of 
Patents is authorized to make rules, regulations, and prescribe 
forms for the transfer of the right to the use of such trade- 
marks, conforming as nearly as practicable to the requirements 
of law respecting the transfer and transmission of copy-riglits. 

Sec. 82. And be it further enacted, That any person who shall 
procure the registry of any trade-mark, or of liimself as the 
owner thereof, or an entry respecting a trade-mark in the Pat- 
ent office under this act, by making any false or fraudulent 
representations or declarations, verbally or in writing, or by 
any fraudulent means, shall be liable to paj^ damages in conse- 
quence of any such registry or entry to the person injured 
thereby, to be recovered in an action on the case before any 
court of competent jurisdiction within the United States. 

Sec. 83. And he it further enacted. That nothing in this act 
shall prevent, lessen, impeach, or avoid any remedy at law or in 
equity, which any party aggrieved by any wrongful use of any 
trade-mark might have had if this act had not been passed. 



97 

Sec. 84. And be it further enacted, That no action shall be 
maintained under the provisions of this act by any person 
claiming the exclusive right to any trade-mark which is used 
or claimed in any unlawful business, or upon any article which 
is injurious in itself, or upon any trade-mark which has been 
fraudulently obtained, or which has been formed and used with 
the design of deceiving the public in the purchase or use of any 
article of merchandise. 

Sec. 111. And he it further enacted, That the acts and parts of 
acts set forth in the schedule of acts cited, hereto annexed, are 
hereby repealed, without reviving any acts or parts of acts re- 
pealed by any of said acts, or by any clause or provision there- 
in: Provided, however. That the repeal hereby enacted shall not 
affect, impair, or take away any right existing under any of 
said laws ; but all actions and causes of action, both in law and 
in equity, which have arisen under any of said laws, may be 
commenced and prosecuted; and, if already commenced, may 
be prosecuted to final judgment and execution, in the same 
manner as though this act had not been passed, excepting that 
the remedial provisions of this act shall be applicable to all suits 
and proceedings hereafter commenced: And provided also, That 
all applications for patents pending at the time of the passage 
of this act, in cases where the duty has been paid, shall be pro- 
ceeded with and acted on in the same manner as though filed 
after the passage thereof: And provided further. That all oflFenses 
which are defined and punishable under any of said acts, and 
all penalties and forfeitures created thereby, and incurred be- 
fore this act takes effect, may be prosecuted, sued for, and re- 
covered, and such offenses punished according to the provisions 
of said acts, which are continued in force for such purpose. 

Schedule of statutes cited and repealed, as printed in the Statutes at 
Large, including such portions only of the approjjriation hills re- 
ferred to as are applicable to the Patent Office. 

Act of July 4. 1836, chapter 3-57, volume 5, page 117. 
March 3, 1837, chapter 45, volume 5, page 191. 



98 



Act of March 3, 1839, chapter 88, volume 5, page 353. 

August 29, 1842, chapter 263, volume 2, page 543. 
August 6, 1846, chapter 90, volume 9, page 59, 
May 27, 1848, chapter 47, volume 9, page 231. 
March 3, 1849, chapter 108, volume 9, page 395. 
March 3, 1851, chapter 42, volume 9, page 617. 
August 30, 1852, chapter 107, volume 10, page 75. 
August 31, 1852, chapter 108, volume 10, page 209. 
April 22, 1854, chapter 52. volume 10, page 276. 
March 3, 1855, chapter 175, volume 10, page 643. 
August 18,1856, chapter 129, volume 11, page 81. 
March 2, 1861, chapter 88, volume 12, page 246. 
March 3, 1863, chapter 102, volume 12, page 796. 
June 25, 1864, chapter 159, volume 13, page 194. 
March 3, 1865, chapter 112, volume 13 page 533. 
June 27, 1866, chapter 143, volume 14, page 76. 
March 29, 1867, chapter 17, volume 15, page 10. 
July 20, 1868, chapter 177, volume 15, page 119. 
July 23, 1868, chapter 227, volume 15, page 168. 
March 3, 1868, chapter 121, volume 15, page 293. 



99 



ABSTRACT 



POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES. OF AMERICA. 



CEJ^SUS OF 1870 



MASSACHUSETTS.— Area, Y,800 square miles. 

Barnst'ble... 32774 Essex 200843 Middlesex...274353 Suffolk 270802 

Berkshire... 64827 Franklin 32635 Nantucket.. 4134 Worcester.. .192716 

Bristol 102886 Hampden... 78409 Norfolk 89443 

Dukes 3787 Hampshire 44388 Plymouth... 65365 Total... 1457351 

NEW HAMPSHIRE Area, 9,380 square miles. 

Belknap 17681 Coos 14982 Merrimac... 42151 Sullivan 18058 

Carroll 17332 Grafton 39103 Rock'h'm ... 47298 

Cheshire 27265 Hillsboro'. . 64328 Strafford 30242 Total 317710 

OHIO— Area, 39,964r square miles. 

Adams 21140 Favette 17181 Loraine 30138 Richland ... 31970 

Allen 23547 Franklin 63524 Lucas 44193 Ross 37090 

Ashland 21922 Fulton 17796 Madison 15636 Sandusky... 25566 

Ashtabula... 32427 Gallia 25421 Mahoning... 30634 Scioto 28385 

Athens 23889 Geauga 13084 Marion 16291 Seneca 30846 

Auglaize 20043 Greene 29516 Medina 20082 Shelby 20754 

BelmoDt 39913 Guernsey ... 23903 Meigs 31284 Stark 52703 

Brown 30853 Hamilton... .260617 Mercer 17268 Summit 34986 

Butler 39953 Hancock 23803 Miami 32747 Trumbull... 38354 

Carroll 14501 Hardin 18615 Monroe 25813 Tuscara's ... 33836 

Champa'n... 21210 Harrison ... 18640 Montgo'y.... 60409 Union 12793 

Clark 32117 Henry 1-3928 Morgan 20247 Van Wert... 15709 

Clermont ... 34308 Highland ... 29163 Morrow 18581 Vinton 15047 

Clinton...... 21921 Hocking 17934 Muskin'm... 45200 Warren 26709 

Columbia... 38655 Holmes 18176 Noble 19956 Washington 39979 

Coshocton... 23647 Huron 28525 Ottawa 13244 Wayne 35634 

Crawford ... 24588 Jackson 21859 Paulding... 8552 Williams.... 21028 

Cuyahoga... 133105 Jefferson 29191 Perry 18465 Wood 24671 

Darke 30972 Knox 25405 Pickaway... 24274 Wyandotte.. 18563 

Defiance 15722 Lake 1.5953 Pike 15540 

Delaware.... 25187 Lawrence... 39600 Portage 24194 Total ... 2652302 

Erie 28206 Licking 37707 Preble 21833 

Fairfield 31184 Logan 23084 Putnam 17104 

OREGON— Area, 103,606 square miles. 

Baker 2804 Curry 504 Linn 8717 Union 2552 

Benton 4584 Douglas 6066 Marion 9966 Wasco' 2488 

Clackara's ... 5993 Grant 2251 Multnomah.. 11510 Washington.. 4261 

Clatsop 1254 Jackson 4778 Polk 4710 Yamhill 4989 

Columbia.... 863 Josephine 1204 Tillamock.... 408 

Coos 1644 Lane 6426 Umatilla...... 2916 Total 90878 



100 



CONNECTICUT— Area, 4r,6'r4: square miles. 

Fairfield 95272 Litchfield... 48727 NewHaven. 121257 Tolland 22000 

Hartford 109006 Middlesex... 36099 NewLo'don. 66d3± Windham... 38518 



Total 537417 

"WISCONSIN— Area, 53,934: square miles. 

Adams 6605 Douglas 1121 Manitowoc. ..33185 Sauk 23853 

Ashland 221 Dunn....' 9422 Marathou .... 5885 Shawano 3165 

Barron 538 Eau Claire. ..10893 Marquette ... 8018 Sheboygau... 31759 

Bayfield 344 Fond du Lac.46247 Milwaukee...89956 St.Cruix 11035 

Brown 25199 Grant 38564 Monroe 16551 Tremp'leau...l0731 

Buffalo 11075 Green 23675 Oconto 8321 Vernon 18645 

Burnett 776 Green Lake..l3165 Outagamie... 18434 Walworth. ...25967 

Calumet 12329 Iowa 24532 Ozaukee 15568 Washington .23930 

Chippewa 8345 Jackson 7707 Pepin 4661 Waukesha... .28324 



Clark 34.50 Jefifen 

Columbia 28820 Juneau . 



..34065 
.12.394 



Pierce 9995 tVaupaca 15559 

Polk 3496 Waushara.... 11287 

Crawford 13080 Konosha 13149 Portage 10751 Winnebago...37323 

Dane 53404 Kewaunee ...10130 Rocine 26740 Wood 3912 

Dodge 47012 La Crosse 20255 Richland 15332 

Door 4922 Lafayette 22651 Rock 39034 Total 1055501 

MAINE.— Area, 31,766 square miles. 

Androsco'n. 35390 Kennebec ... 53202 Piscataq's.... 14095 York 60195 

Aroostook... 30210 Knox.... 31831 Sagadaho\.. 18820 

CumberlM... 82103 Lincoln 25670 Somerset.... 31614 Total 628719 

Franklin 18609 Oxford 33.515 Waldo 34456 

Hancock.... 36522 Penobscot... 70668 Washin'gn.. 43526 



Alcona 

Allegan 

Alpena 

Antrim 

Barry 

Basque Isle 

Bay 

Benzie 

Berrian 

Branch 

Calhoun 

Cass 

Charlevoix . 
Cheboygan., 
Chippewa..,. 

Clare 

Clinton 

Delta 

Eaton 



Adair 


3983 


Adams 


4453 


Allamakee. 


16872 


Appanoose. 


16480 


Audubon... 


1212 


Benton 


22213 


Blackhawk. 


21306 


Boone 


14569 


Bremer 


12565 


Buchanan .. 


17042 



MICHIGAN.— Area, 

696 Emmett 1211 

32106 G'd Trav'rse 4443 

2756 Genesee 33900 

198v5 Gratiot 11810 

22202 Hillsdale.... 31684 

355 Houghton... 13879 

15900 Huron 9053 

2184 Ingham 25268 

35104 Ionia 27079 

26226 Iosco 3163 

36569 Isabella 4113 

21094 Jackson 36050 

1724 Kalamazoo. 32054 

2190 Kalkaskia... 424 

1689 Keewenaw.. 4205 

366 Kent 50403 

22845 L-ike 548 

2441 Lapeer 21355 

25172 Leelanaw... 4816 



Decatur 11986 

Delaware.... 17434 
Des Moines. 27183 
Dickinson... 1351 
Dubuque.... 37879 

Emmett 1-392 

Fayette 16919 

Floyd 10770 

Franklin 4738 

Fremont 10976 



56,4:^3 square miles. 



Lenawee.... 


4.5596 


Ontonagon. 


2845 


Livingston. 


19336 


Osceola 


2073 


Mackinaw... 


1716 


Oscoda 


70 


Macomb .... 


27616 


Ottawa 


26649 


Manistee ... 


6074 


Presque Isl 


355 


Manitou 


891 


Saginaw .... 


39097 


Marquette.. 


15033 


Sanilac 


14562 


Mason 


3264 


Shiawassee 


20858 


Mecosta 


5643 


St. Clair 


36661 


Menominee 


1892 


St. Joseph.. 


26276 


Midland 


3285 


Tuscola 


13714 


Missaukee.. 


130 


Van Buren 


2882S 


Monroe 


27483 


Wpshtenaw 


41434 


Montcalm .. 


13629 


Wayne 


119041 


Muskegon.. 


14895 


Wexford.... 


650 


Newago 


7294 








Oakland .... 


40867 


Total 1184653 


Oceana 


7222 






Ogemaw .... 


12 






914: square miles. 




Jones 


10775 


Poweshiek.. 


15583 


Keokuk 


19497 


Ringgold... 


5684 


Kossnth 


3360 


Sac 


1455 


Lee 


37252 


Scott 


38559 


Linn 


28818 


Shelby 


2540 


Louisa 


13032 


Sioux 


577 


Lucas 


10401 


Story 


11662 


Lyon 


221 


Tama 


16073 


Madison 


13811 


Taylor 


6990 


Mohaska.... 


22178 


Union 


5987 



101 



Buena Vista 1411 


Greene 


. 4635 


Butler 


. 9953 


Gruudy 


. 6475 


Calhoun 


. 1602 


Gutbrie 


. 7063 


Carroll 


, 2451 


Hamilton... 


. 6051 


Cass 


. 5464 


Hancock,... 


. 1007 


Cedar 


. 19702 


Hardin 


. 13054 


Cerro Gordo ;^415 


Harrison ... 


. 8921 


Cherokee..., 


, 1967 


Henry 


. 21484 


Chickasaw .. 


. 10133 


Howard 


. 6281 


Clarke 


, 8736 


Humboldt.. 


. 2575 


Clay 


. 1523 


Ida 


. 226 


Clayton 


, 27779 


Iowa 


. 16613 


Clinton 


, 33994 


Jackson 


. 21462 


Crawford.... 


2612 


Jasper 


. 20787 


Dallas 


. 12020 


Jefferson.... 


. 17861 


Davis 


. 15537 


Johnson .... 


. 24968 




ILMNOIS.-Area, 5 


Adams 


. 56116 


Ford 


. 9103 


Alexander.. 


..10519 


Franklin.... 


. 12608 


Bond 


,..12322 


Fulton 


. 38391 


Boone 


..13007 


Gallatin 


. 11136 


Brown 


..12212 


Green 


. 19665 


Bureau 


..32430 


Grundy 


14974 


Calhoun 


. 6566 


Hamilton... 


13014 


Carroll 


. 16709 


Hancock.... 


. 35996 


Cass 


. 9651 


Hardin 


. 5113 


Champa'n... 


, 32738 


Henderson. 


. 12600 


Christian.... 


20362 


Henry 


. 35495 


Clark 


18721 


Iroquois.... 


. 25789 


Clay 


. 15886 


Jackson 


. 19643 


Clinton 


16280 


JoDavies... 


. 27831 


Coles 


, 2.5285 


Jasper 


. 11234 


Co-'k 


.350236 
13897 


Jefferson ... 
Jersey 


. 17914 


Crawford.... 


. 15054 


Cumber'd... 


. 12223 


Johnson 


. 11248 


De Kalb 


. 23275 


Kane 


. 39068 


DeWitt 


. 14781 


Kankakee.. 


. 24394 



Douglas 

Dii Page 

Edgar- 

Edwards..... 
EflBngham.., 



13494 
16761 
21449 
7593 
15609 



Fayette 19693 



Kendall 12398 

Knox 39186 

Lake 21033 

LaSalle 61130 

Lawrence.... 12536 
Lee 27252 



Marion 24452 

Marshall 16709 

Mills 8678 

Mitchel 9524 

Mocona 3699 

Monroe 12813 

Montgom'ry 5895 
Muscatine... 21897 

O'Brien 715 

Osceola(withLyon i 

Page 9977 

Palo Alto... 1336 
Plymouth... 1999 
Pocahontas. 1448 

Polk 27896 

Pot'watme.. 16534 
7,4:05 squai'e m 
Livingston.. 34392 

Logan 23149 

Macon 26481 

Macoupin.... 32771 

Madison 44322 

Marion 20650 

Marshall .... 16959 

Mason 16250 

Massac 9581 

McDon'gh... 26563 
McHenry.... 23812 

McLean 53948 

Menard 11756 

Mercer 19270 

Monroe 13009 

Montgo'ry... 25315 

Morgan 28501 

Moultrie. 

Ogle 

Peoria.. ., 

Perry 

Piatt 10896 

Pike.. 30793 

Pope 11441 

Pulaski 9127 

Putnam 6295 



Van Buren.. 17695 

Wapello 22152 

Warren 17791 

Washington 19223 

Wayne 11288 

Webster 10550 

Winnebago 1572 
Win'shiek... 23604 
Woodbury... 6110 

Worth 2892 

Wright 2.390 



Total 118ia59 



12803 



27539 
36601 
13723 



Randolph. 
Richland . 
Rock Island 29842 

Saline 12714 

Sangamon... 46384 
Schuyler.... 17419 

Scott 10530 

Shelby 25529 

St. Clair 51069 

Stark 10790 

Stephenson. 30678 
Tazewell.... 29850 

Union 16555 

Vermilion... 30-376 

Wabash 8841 

Warren 23070 

Washington 17727 

Wayne 19758 

White 16840 

Whiteside... 27512 

Will 4-3020 

Williamson. 17171 
Winnebago. 29372 
Woodford... 18980 



Total 2529410 



PENNSYIiVANIA.— Area 46,000 square miles. 



Adams 30315 

Allegheny...262383 
Armstrong.. 43385 

Beaver 36132 

Bedford 286-36 

Berks 1067-39 

Blair .38051 

Bradford 53109 

Bucks 61997 

Butler 3618-5 

Cambria 36-572 

Cameron 4273 

Carbon 28208 

Centre 33394 

Chester 77824 

Clarion 26542 

Clearfield... 25779 



Clinton 2-3213 

Columbia... 28765 
Crawford.... 63827 
Cumberland 43885 

Dauphin 60737 

Delaware.... 39-541 

Elk 8315 

Erie 6-5977 

Fayette 43284 

Forest 4183 

Franklin 45388 

Fulton 9361 

Greene 25893 

Huntingd'n -312-52 

Indiana 36123 

Jefferson.... 21661 



Lancaster.... 121426 
Lawrence... 27298 

Lebanon 34117 

Lehigh 56792 

Luzerne 160951 

Lycoming... 47633 

McKean 8826 

Mercer 49981 

Mifflin 17509 

Monroe 18389 

Montg'mry. 81612 

Montour 1.53-34 

Northamt'n 61403 
Northum'ld 41440 

Perry 2-5486 

Philadel 673726 



Potter 11424 

SchuyikilJ.. 109325 

Snyder 15606 

Somerset ... 28233 

Sullivan 6191 

Susq'h'na... 37-530 

Tioga 35102 

Union 15568 

Venango 47522 

Warren 23897 

Washington 48481 

Wayne 33210 

Westm'rld... 58699 
Wyoming... 14585 
York 76217 



Juniata. 



17491 Pike 8414 Total 3511-543 



102 



NEW JERSEY.— Area, 3,330 square miles. 



Essex 143850 Monmouth., 42821 Sussex 23242 

Gloucester.. 21562 Morris 43137 Union 



Atlantic 14093 

Bergen 30124 

Burlington. 57389 Hudson 128275 Ocean 13630 Warren 34338 



Camden 46200 Hunterdon. 



Passaic 46423 



May 



8499 Mercer 46386 Salem. 



23940 Total... 903044 



Cumberland 34658 Middlesex... 45034 Somerset .... 23512 

RHODE ISIiAWD.— Area, 1,306 square miles. 

Bristol 9421 Newport 20050 Washington 20097 Total 217356 

Kent 18595 Providence 149193 

DEIiATV^ ARE .—Area, 3,130 square m^iles. 

29804 Newcastle... 63515 Sussex 31696 Total. 



Kent., 



125015 



MARYLAND .—Area, 11,134: square miles. 



Alleghany... 38544 
Anne Arund 24513 
Baltimore.. 330618 

Calvert 9856 

Caroline 12121 



Carroll . 



Addison 

Bennington 
Cii eilonia.... 



Cecil 25888 

Charles 15751 

Dorchester.. 19598 

Frederick... 47687 

Harford 23308 

Howard 14167 

VERMONT 

23484 Essex... 



26710 



21325 Franklin.... 30291 
22247 Grand Isle.. 4082 
Chittenden. 36486 Lamoille 12448 

WEST VIRGINIA 



Kent 17256 

Moiitgomer. 20572 

P. George's. 29957 

Qu. Anne's.. 15033 

St. Mary's... 15089 

Somerset.... 18200 
Area, 10,313 square miles. 
.. 6811 Orange 23090 Windham.... 26036 



Talbot 16157 

Washington 34714 
Wicomico.... 15S44 
Worcester... 16472 

Total 790095 



Orleans 21035 Windsor 36064 

Rutland 40671 

Washington 26518 Total 330582 

Area, square miles. 



Barbour 9200 

Berkeley.... 14900 

Boone 4553 

Braxton 6481 

Brooke 5465 

Cabell 6429 

Calhoun 3000 

Clay 2196 

Doddridge... 7076 

Fayette 6647 

Gilmer 4339 

Ornnt 4468 

Greeubricr.. 13000 

Hampshire.. 7643 



Anderson 8704 

Bedford 24334 

Benton 8234 

Bledsoe 4870 

Blount 14237 

Bradley 11652 

Campbell 7445 

Cannon 10502 

Carroll 19643 

Carter.* 7909 

Cheatham.... 6678 

Claiborne 9321 

Cocke 12458 

Coffee 10237 

Cumberland.. 3461 
Davidson . 



Hancock 4363 



Hardy 


. 5.518 


Monongalia 


ia549 


Harrison ... 


. 14200 


Monroe , 


. 11124 


Jackson 


. 10300 


Morgan 


. 4315 


Jeffer,son ... 


. 13219 


Nicholas .... 


. 4458 


Kanawaha. 


. 22350 


Ohio 


, 28832 


Lewis 


. 11375 


Pendleton... 


, 6455 


Lincoln 


. 5053 


Pleasants..., 


, 3012 


L')gan 


, 5124 


Pocahontas. 


, 4036 


McDowell... 


. 1952 


Preston 


. 14554 


Marion 


, 13200 


Putnam 


. 7794 


Marshall 


. 13300 


Raleigh 


, 3673 


Mason 


. 15958 


Randolph.... 


5563 


Mercer 


. 7094 


Ritchie 


9055 


ESSEE.- 


-Area, 


4:5,600 square 


Franklin 


..14970 


Lewis 


.. 1986 


Gibson 


..21700 




..28132 


Giles 


,. 32413 


Macon 


,. 6634 


Granger 


..12461 


Madison .... 


..23526 


Greene 


...21668 


Marion 


.. 6868 


Crundy 


.. 3583 


Marshall.... 


..16207 


Hamilton... 


..17241 


Maury , 


..36285 


Hancock.... 


.. 7148 


McMinn .... 


..13969 


Hardf man . 


..17700 


McNairy.... 


..12727 


Hardin 


...11769 


Meigs 


,. 4412 


Hawkins.... 


...15848 


Monroe 


..12589 


Haywood ... 


...25095 


Montgomery 24788 


Henderson. 


..14221 


Morgan 


.. 2969 


Henry 


...20387 


Obion 


..16684 


Hickman.... 


.. 9856 


Overton .... 


..10988 


Humphrey' 


s. 9326 


Perry 


.. 6903 



Roane 7232 

Taylor 9367 

Tucker....... 1907 

Tyler 7830 

Upshur 8023 

Wayne 7852 

Webster 1730 

Wetzel 8595 

Wirt 4805 

Wood 19010 

Wyoming.... 3571 



Total 441094 



miles. 

Scott 4054 

Sequatch'. ... 2.335 

Sevier 11028 

Shelby 48000 

Smith 15994 

Stewart 12029 

Sullivan 131-36 

Sumner. 23711 

Tipton 14884 

Union 7605 

Van Buren... 2785 

Warren 12716 

Washington..l6318 

Wavne 10209 

Weakley 18200 

White .: 9229 



103 



Decatur 6200 Jackson 13797 Polk. 



.. 7369 Wilson 2.5914 

DeKalb 1142-5 Jeflferson 19476 Putnam 869S Williamson ..25354 

Dickson 93KJ Johnson 5852 Rhea 4854 

Dyer 13716 Knox 28994 Roane 15623 Total 1225937 

Fayette 24300 Lauderle 108:39 Robertson ...16198 

Fentress 4717 Lawrence 7600 Rutherford.. .39844 



VIRGINIA. 

Accomack ...20409 
Albemarle. ..27544 
Alexandria ..16755 
Alleghany ... .3674 

Amelia 9878 

Amherst 14900 

Appnmat'x .. 8950 

Augusta 28763 

Bath 3793 

Bedford 25327 

Bland 4000 

Botetourt 11329 

Brunswick ..1.3427 
Buchanan ... 3777 
Buckingham 13369 

Campbell 28-384 

Caroline 15128 

Carroll 9147 

Chas. City ... 4977 

Charlotte 14513 

Chesterfield..l8470 

Clarke 6670 

Craig 2942 

Culpepper ...12227 
Cumberland.. 8142 
Dinwiddie ...30703 



Area, 

Elizb. City... 8303 

Essex 9927 

Fairfax 129-52 

Fauquier 19690 

Floyd 9824 

Fluvanna 9775 

Franklin 20000 

Frederick ....16-596 

Giles 56-59 

Gloucester ...10211 
Goochland ...10-312 

Grayson 7586 

Greene 4634 

Greencast 6-362 

Halifax 27828 

Hanover 164-56 

Henrico 66017 

Henry 12-303 

Highland 4152 

Isle of Wight 8320 
James City... 4425 
King&Queen 9709 
King George. 5742 

KingWm 7515 

Lancaster 53-55 

Lee 13268 



61,353 square miles. 



Loudon 20929 

Louisa 16332 

Lunenb'g 10403 

Madison 8670 

Matthews 7000 

Mecklnb'g ...21318 
Middlesex ... 4981 
Montgomery 9385 

Nansem'd 11.576 

Nelson 13898 

New Kent.... 4-378 

Norfolk .......41.580 

North'ptcn... 8046 
North'land... 6863 

Nottoway 9291 

Orange 10-384 

Page 8^63 

Patrick 10161 

Pittsylv'a ....31354 
Powhatan ... 7667 
P. Edward. ..12004 
P. George ... 7820 
P. William... 7505 
Pr'cess Anne 8273 

Pulaski 6-5-38 

Rappah'nk... 8261 



Richmond ... 6.503 

RoanoLe 6.538 

Rockbridge.. 5547 
Rock'gham...2.3668 

Russell 11108 

Scott 130.36 

Shenaudoah .14936 

Smyth 8898 

South'mptonl2285 
Spottsvlv'a... 11728 

Stafford 6420 

Surry 5585 

Sussex 7885 

Tazewell 10791 

Warren 5716 

Warwick 1672 

Washington..l6816 

Westm'ld 7690 

Wise 4785 

Wythe 11611 

York 7198 



Total 1211442 



NORTH CAROIilNA.— Area, 50,T04r square miles. 



Almance 11874 

Alexander... 6868 
Alleghany... 3691 

Anson 12428 

Ashe 1412 

Beaufort 13054 

Bertie 12952 

Bladen 128-32 

Brunswick... 7757 

Buncome 1.5419 

Burke 9777 

Cabarrus 119-54 

Caldwell 8476 

Camden 5361 

Carteret 9010 

Caswell 16081 

Catawba 10984 

Chatham 15723 

Cherokee 8080 

Chowan 64-50 

Clay 

Cleveland 12696 

Columbus. ... 8474 
Craven .20516 



Cumberland 17036 

Currituck 5131 

Dare 2778 

Davidson 17256 

Davie 9620 

Duplin 15542 

Edgecomb ...22971 

Forsvth 130.50 

Franklin 14134 

Gaston 12602 

Gates 7724 

Granville .....24831 

Greene 8687 

Guilford 217.58 

Halifax 19000 

Hartnett 8895 

Haywood 7921 

Henderson... 7705 

Hertford 9273 

Hyde 6445 

Iredell 16931 

Jackson 6683 

Johnston 12713 

Jones 5002 



Lenoir 10436 

Lillington .. 

Lincoln 9573 

Macon 6615 

Mfidison 8192 

Martin 9648 

McDowell 7592 

Mecklinb'g... 19181 

Mitchell 4705 

Montgom'y... 7487 

Moore 12040 

Nash 11077 

N. Han over. .27978 
Nnrth'mpt'n.l4749 

Onslow 7.569 

Orange 17.507 

Pasquot/n'k.. 8131 
Perquimans.. 4336 

Person 11170 

Pitt 17276 

Polk 4.319 

Randolph 17,5.S5 

Richmond.... 12882 
Robeson... 



Rockingh'm. 7869 

Rowan 16811 

Rutherford...]3121 

Sampson 16424 

Stanly a315 

Stokes 68.51 

Surry 112.51 

Transvlvania 3538 

Tyrrei 4173 

Union 12219 

Wake .3-5619 

Warren 1744S 

Washington.. 6516 

Watauga 5287 

Wavne 14000 

Wilkes 12-307 

Wilson 122-58 

Yadkin 10697 

Yancey 5910 



Totol 10169-54 



104 



MISSISSIPPI.— Area, 47,156 square miles. 



Adams 


. 20000 


Greene 


. 2035 


Alcorn 


. 10481 


Grenada .... 


. 10571 


Amite 


. 12000 


Hancock.... 


. 4240 


Attala 


. 14774 


Harrison.... 


. 5794 


Bolivar , 


. 9732 


Hinds 


. 30478 


Calhoun 


. 10561 


Holmes 


. 19371 


Carroll 


. 2:671 


Issaquena.. 


. 6888 


Chickasaw. 


. 19891 


Itawamba.. 


. 7812 


Choctaw .... 


. 16000 


Jackson 


. 4363 


Claiborne .. 


. 13885 


Jasper 


. 10884 


Clark 


. 7505 


Jefferson... 


. 13848 


Coahoma.... 


. 7144 


Jones 


. 3313 


Copiah 


, 15400 


Kemper 


. 11700 


Covington- 


. 4753 


Lafayette .. 


. 16100 


Davis 





Lauderd'e.. 


. 13462 


De Soto 


. 28800 


Lawrence... 


. 6720 


Franklin,... 


. 7198 


Lake 


. 9300 



ARKAIVSAS.— Area, 

Arkansas... 8268 Desha 6125 

Ashley 8042 Drew 9960 

Benton 18831 Franklin 9127 

Boone Fulton.. 4843 

Bradley 8046 Grant 3943 

Calhoun 38;58 Greene 7573 

Carroll 5780 Hempstead. 13768 

Chicot 7214 Hot Springs 5877 

Clark 11953 Indepencen 14566 

Columbia... 11397 Izard ,. 6806 

Conway 8112 Jackson 7268 

Crawfurd.... 8957 Jefferson.... 15733 

Crittenden.. 4900 Johnson 9152 

Craighead... 4577 Lafayette... 9139 

Cross 3915 Lawrence.... 5981 

Dallas 5707 Little Paver 32:36 

CAL,IFOR]VIA.— Area, 

Alpine 685 Klamath.... 1674 

Amador 9.5.S2 Lake 2909 

Alameda.... 24287 Lassen 1327 

Butte 11403 Los Angeles 15809 

Calaveras.... 8895 Marin 6908 

Colusa 6165 Mariposa.... 4592 

ContraCosta 8461 Merced 2807 



Lee 15954 

Lowndes 30504 

Madison 23300 

Marion 4211 

Marshall 29423 

Monroe 22632 

Neshoba 8300 

Newton 9774 

Noxubu 20905 

Oktibbeha... 13000 

Panolu 13800 

Perry 2696 

Pike 11303 

Pontotoc 22100 

Prentiss 9347 

Rankin 12977 

Scott 7848 

53,198 square miles, 



Simpson 5718 

Smith 7126 

Sunflower... 5015 
Tallahat'e... 7852 

Tippah 20727 

Tishan'go... 24100 

Tunica 5358 

Warren 26763 

Washingt'n 14569 

Wayne 4206 

Wilkinson... 15900 

Winston 8984 

Yalobusha.. 13254 
Yazoo 2230O 

Total 842056 



Madison 7927 

Marion 3979 

Mississippi,. 3633 

Monroe 8336 

Montg'me'y 2984 

Newton .3364 

Ouachita 12975 

Perry 2685 

Phillips 14800 

Pike 3788 

Poinsett 1720 

Polk 3376 

Pope 8J09 

Prairie 8800 

Pulaski 32066 

Randolph... 6200 
188,981 square miles. 



St. Francis.,, 6714 

Saline ,3911 

Scott 7483 

Searcy .5614 

Sebastian... 12940 

Sevier 4492 

Sharpe 

Union 10571 

Van Buren. 5107 
Washington 17266 

Wliite 10346 

Woodruff.... 6891 
Yell 8048 



Total 473174 



Del Norte... 
ElDorado... 



2022 Mendocino.. 7530 
10809 Mono 430 



Fresno 4605 Monterey.... 9881 

Humboldt.. 2694 Napa 5521 

Invo 1956 Nevada 19186 

Kern 2925 Placer 11357 



Plumas 4490 

Sacramento 26S31 
SanBer'd'no 3988 
San Diego... 4798 
San Francis.149482 
San JoaqMn. 21050 
San Luis Ob 4772 
San Mateo... 6635 
Santa Barba 7784 
Santa Clara. 26246 
Santa Cruz. 4944 

Shasta 4173 

Sierra 5939 



Siskiyou 6859 

Solano 16871 

Sonoma 19821 

Stanislaus.. 6499 

Sutter 5030 

Tehama 3387 

Trinity .3213 

Tulare 4521 

Tuolumne... 8150 

Yolo 9899 

Yuba 10851 



Tcti 



.549808 



MISSOURI.— Area, 67,380 square miles. 



Adair 


.. 11449 


Daviess , 


. 14410 


Macon 


. 23230 


Andrew 


. 15137 


De Kalb 


, 9858 


Madison 


5849 


Atchison... 


, 8440 


Dent 


. 6357 


Maries 


, 5915 


Audrain.... 


.. 12307 


Douglas 


. 3915 


Marion 


28776 


Barry 


.. 10373 


Dodge 




McDonald.., 


, 5226 


Barton 


., 5087 


Dunklin 


. 5982 


Mercer 


11557 


Bates 


. In960 


Franklin.,.. 


. 30098 


Miller 


. 6616 


Benton 


., 11822 


Gasconade,. 


. 10093 


Mississippi. 


. 3713 


Bollinger,, 


.. 8162 


Gentry 


, 11607 


Moniteau... 


1133.5 



B.vi;olds,... 3756 

Kiplev 3175 

St. Charles . 21304 

St. Clair 6742 

St. Francois 9741 
Ste. Genev'vo 8384 
St. Louis ....339774 

Saline 21672 

Schuyler 7987 



105 



Boone 

Buchanan... 

Butler 

Caldwell 

Callaway.... 
Camden... 
CapeGir'd'u 
Carroll 



Carter 

Cedar 

Charlton.. 
Christian. 

Clark 

Clay 

Clinton ... 

Cole 

Cooper.... 
Crawford. 

Dade 

Dallas ... 



20765 
26932 

4298 
11390 
19202 
6108 
17558 
17145 
19296 
.. 2100 
.. 9174 
.. 19135 
.. 6707 
. 13667 
.. 15564 
.. 14063 
.. 10292 
„ 20692 
,. 7982 
,. 8683 
.. 8383 
MINK 



Greene 21549 

Grundy 10567 

Harrison.... 11635 

Henry 17401 

Hickory &152 

Holt 11652 

Howard 17233 

Howell 4218 

Iron 6278 

Jackson 55041 

Jasper 14929 

Jefiferson .... 15380 

Johnson 24649 

Knox......... 10970 

L;iclede 9380 

Lafayette.... 22623 
Lawrence.... 13067 

Lewis 15114 

Lincoln 14073 

Linn; 15900 

Livingston.. 10116 
ESOTA.— Area, 



Atkin 


18 


Faribault... 


. 9390 


Anoka 


3940 


Fillmore .... 


,. 24887 


Beckel 


308 


Freeborn.... 


. 10583 


Beltrami 


80 


Goodhue.... 


. 19214 


Benton 


1558 


Grant 


. 340 


Big Stone... 


no ret. 


Hennepin.. 


. 31566 


Blue Earth. 


17393 


Houston.... 


. 11661 


Brec'nr'ge... 




Isanti 


. 350 


Brown 


6396 


Itasca . 


78 


Buchanan... 


Jackson 


. 1825 


Carlton 


, 286 


Kanabac... 


93 


Carver 


11587 


Kandiyohi , 


.. 1760 


Cass 


. 184 


Lac q.Parle 


no ret. 


Chisago 


4358 


Lake 


. 135 


Chippewa.... 


no ret. 


La Soeur.... 


. 11607 


Clav 


. 92 


Lincoln 


. 3219 


Cottonw'd 


534 


Lyon 


no ret. 


Crow Wing. 


200 


Mankahta,. 


no ret. 


Dakota 


. 13841 


Manonim... 


no ret. 


Dodge 


. 8598 


Martin 


. 3867 


Douglas 


, 3500 


McLeod 


. 5643 


SOUTH CAROmNA.-Ai 


Abbeville ... 


, 3129 


Darlington, 


,. 20000 


Anderson ... 


, 22000 


Edgefield... 


,. 40000 


Barnwell,... 


, 30000 


Fairfield.... 


. 19888 


Beaufort.... 


. 40000 


Georgetown 16161 


Charleston., 


. 78090 


Greenville.. 


.. 20000 


Chester 


. 18000 


Horry 


.. 10721 


Chesterfield 


. 10593 


Kenshaw... 


.. 13000 


Clarendon.. 


. 13000 


Lancaster.. 


.. 12087 


Calleton.... 


. 40000 


Laurens ... 


.. 23000 



Monroe 17149 

Montgom'ry 10405 

Murgan 8434 

New^Madrid 6357 

Newton 12821 

Nodaway.... 14751 

Oregon 3287 

Osage 10793 

Ozark 3363 

Pemiscott... 2059 

Perry 9877 

Pettis 18706 

Phelps 10506 

Pike 23076 

Platte 17319 

Polk 12445 

Pulaski 4714 

Putnam 11217 

Ralls 10510 

Randolph... 15908 

Ray 18700 

95^,3 T4: square 

McPhail no ret. 

Meeker 6100 

Mille Lacs... 1109 
Monong'lia. 3161 
Morrison.... 1899 

Mower 10448 

Murray 259 

Nicollet 8380 

Nobles 117 

Olmstead.... 19793 
Otter Tail... 221 

Pembina 64 

Pierce 

Pine 648 

Pipestone.. ..no ret. 

Polk no ret. 

Pope 2691 

Ramsey 23086 

Redwood 1829 

Reneville... no ret. 
Rice 16083 



Scotland.., 


... 10G70 


Scott 


... 7317 


Shannon.., 


... 2339 


Shelby 


... 10119 


Stoddard . 


... 8535 


Stone 


.. 3253 


Sullivan... 


... 11908 


Taney 


... 4407 


Texas 


... 9618 


Vernon... 


... 11246 


Warren.... 


... 9673 


Washington 11719 


Wayne ... 


... 6068 


Webster .. 


... 10434 


Worth 


... 5004 


Wright.... 


... 5684 


Total ... 


..1691693 



miles. 

St. Louis 4561 

Scott 11042 

Sherburne... 2050 

Sibley 6725 

Stearns 14206 

Steele 8270 

Stevens 187 

Todd 1818 

Toombs 

Traverse no ret. 

Wabashaw.. 15860 
Wadenah.... 6 

Wahnatah... 

Waseca 7854 

Washington 12490 
Waterman.. 2426 

Wilkin 295 

Winona 22319 

Wright 9457 



Total 424543 



Lexington... 15000 Sumter 28000 

Marion 20000 Union 19000 

Marlboro'gh 11819 Williamsb'g 15489 

Newberry... 17783 York 23000 



Oconee 10503 

Orangeburg 25000 

Pickens 10269 

Richland.... 18000 
Spartanburg 25785 



Total 705789 



NEW YORK.— Area, 47,000 square miles. 

Albany 133109 Fulton 27056 Ontario 45220 Steuben 67996 

Allegany.... 40764 Genesee 32209 Orange 81503 Suffolk 46960 

Broome 44176 Greene 38403 Orleans 27822 Sullivan 34589 

Cat'rrug's... 44924 Hamilton.... 2960 Oswego 78026 Tioga 30573 

Cayuga 59513 Herkimer.... 39936 Otsego 48698 Tompkins.... 33168 



106 



Chaut'cua... 59126 
Chemung ... 85341 
Chenango.... 40553 



Clinton 


. 48622 


Cohimbia.., 


.. 47087 


Cortland..., 


,. 25220 


Delaware- 


,. 42982 


Dutchess... 


.. 71887 


Erie 


..176930 


E5sex 


,. 29076 


Franklin... 


.. 30717 


Appling.... 


.. 5086 


Baker 


.. 4900 


Baldwin ... 


.. 10618 


Banks 


.. 4700 


Bartow 


,. 16566 


Berrien 


.. 4518 


Bibb 


,. 21255 


Brooke 


,. 8342 


Brvan 


.. 5252 


Bullock 


,. 5610 


Burke 


.. 17100 


Butts 


.. 6941 


Calhoun.... 


.. 5.503 


Camden..... 


.. 4611 


Campbell.., 


,. 9176 


Carroll 


. 117.S2 


Cass 




Catoosa...... 


,. 4109 


Chatham... 


. 41270 


Chat'ho'chi 


e 6059 


Chattooga. 


.. 6902 


Charlton... 


.. 1897 


Cherokee.., 


.. 10399 


Clarke 


.. 12941 


Clay 


,. 5493 


Clayton 


.. 5477 


Clinch 


,. 3945 


Colib 


.. 13814 


Coffee 


.. 3192 


Columbus., 


,. 11800 


Colquitt.... 


.. m54 


Coweta 


.. 14700 


Crawford.., 


.. 7555 


Dade 


.. 3033 



Jefferson .... 64450 

Kings .420292 

Lewis 28452 

Livingston.. 38321 

Madison 43595 

Monroe 117462 

Montg'mry. 34510 
New York... 926341 

Niagara 50894 

Oneida 110036 

OnoDdaga....l04404 
iRGIA.— Area, 5 

Dawson 3800 

Decatur 11900 

DeKalb 10014 

Dooley 9790 

Dougherty.. 11517 

Early 6998 

Echolls 1400 

Effingham... 47.)0 

Elbert 10400 

Emauuel 6134 

Fannin 5429 

Fayette 8221 

Floyd 17233 

Forsvth 7988 

Franklin .... 7893 

Fulton 33446 

Gilmer 6644 

Glasscock.... 2400 

Glynn 5376 

Gordon 9268 

Greene 12454 

Gwinnett.... 12431 
Habersham. 6322 

Hall 9300 

Hancock 11317 

Haralson ... 4004 

Harris 1,3284 

Hart 6783 

Heard 7866 

Henry 10700 

Houston 20406 

Irwin 1837 

Jackson 10600 

Jasper 10439 



Putnam 12862 

Queen 83847 

llensselaer.. 99587 
Richmond... 33044 
Rockland ... 2-5163 
St.Lawrence 84881 

Saratoga 51513 

Schcn'ct'dy. 21848 
Schoharie... 33239 
Schuyler.... 18219 

Seneca 27844 

8,000 square miles. 
Jefferson 12190 Richmond .. 21200 



Ulster 83657 

Warren 22605 

Washington 49342 

Wayne 47720 

W'tch'stT....132288 
Wyoming.... 29176 
Yates 19608 

Total 4370846 



Johnson 

Jones 

Laurens. 
Lee 



2964 
9436 
7834 
9567 

Liberty 12229 

Lincoln 5413 

Lowndes 8321 

Lumpkin.... 5161 

Macon 114.58 

Madison 5227 

Marion 8000 

Mcintosh... 4191 
Merriw'ther 13756 

MuUer 1700 

Milton 4284 

Mitchell, 6633 

Monroe 17213 

Montgomr'y 35S6 

Morgan 10696 

Murr.ny 0500 

Muscogee ... 16663 

Newton 14315 

Oglethorpe.. 11782 
Paulding.... 7639 

Pickens 5317 

Pierce 2778 

Pike 10905 

Polk 7822 

Pulaski 11940 

Putuam 10461 

Quitman.... 4150 

Rabun 32.56 

Randolph.,.. 9.500 



Schley 5129 

Schriven 8200 

Spaulding .. 10205 

Stewart 14205 

Sumter 16-559 

Talbot 11913 

Taliaferro... 4793 

Tatnall 4860 

Tavlor 7143 

Telfair 2700 

Terrell 9053 

Thomas 10700 

Towns 2780 

Troup 17632 

Twiggs 8546 

Union 5267 

Upson 9430 

Walker 9925 

Walton 110-38 

Warren ' 10,545 

Ware 2286 

Washington 1,5842 

Wayne 2177 

Webster 4677 

White ,3,300 

Whitfield... 10117 

Wilcox 24,39 

Wilkes 11799 

Wilkinson... 9300 
Worth 3787 



Total 1174832 



Anderson ... 
Angelina ... 

Atacosta 

Austin 

Bandera 

Bastrop 

Bee 

Bell 

Bexar 

Blanco 

Bosque 

Bowie 

Brazoria .... 



TEXAS.— Area, 337,504: square miles. 

Duvall 866 



7528 Frio., 



Eastland..., 
Edwards... 

Ellis 

El Passo... 

Ensinal 

Erath 

Falls 

Faiinin 

Fayette.... 
Fort Bend . 
Freestone.. 



1541 



Johnson 




Refugio 2325 


Kornes 




Robertson... 


Kaufman... 




Rua« 


Kendall 




Sabine 


Kerr 




St.Augustlue 


Kinney 




San Patricio 602 


Lamar 




San Saba.... 


Lampass.... 




Shakleford.. 


LaSalle 


. 69 


Shelby 


Lavaca 


. 9168 


Smith 


Leon 




Starr 


Liberty 

Limestone.., 


. 4413 


Tarrant 

Throckmort'n 



107 



Brazos ...... 




Galveston... 
Gillespie .... 


. 15290 


Live Oak.... 
Llano 


. 852 


Tittis 

Travis 




Brown 




Buchanan.. 




Goliad 




McLennan.. 




Trinity 




Burleson.... 




Gonzales ... 




McMulIeu... 


230 


Tyler 


5010 


Burnett 




Grayson 




Madison 




Upshur 




Caldwell.... 




Grimes 




Mariou 




Uvaklo 




Calhoun 




Guadalupe. 




Mason 




Van Zaudt. 




Cainancqe.. 




Hamilton .. 




Matagorda. 




Victoria 




Cameron.... 




Hardeman. 




Maverick..., 




Walker 




Cass 




Hardin 


. 1460 


Medina 




Washington 


I 


Chambers.. 


. 1503 


Harris 


. 1737 


Milan 




Webb 




Cherokee... 




Harrison.... 




Montague... 




Wharton.... 




Clay. . 




Hayes 

Henderson. 
Hidalgo 




Montgomery 
Nacogdoches 
Navarro 


Williamson 




Coleman .... 






Wise 




Collin 


Wilson 




Colorado.... 




Hill 




Newton 


2187 


Wood 




Comal 




Hood , 




Nueces 


, 4193 


Young , 




Cooke 




Hopkins 




Orange 


1255 


Zapata 


1488 


Coryell 




Houston .... 




Palo Pinto., 




Zavola 




Dallas 




Hunt , 




Panola 








Davis 




Jack 




Parker 




Total 


795500 


Dawson 




Jackson 




Polk 








Denton 




Jasper 


, 4218 


Presidio 








DeWitt 




Jefferson.... 


. 1906 


Red River... 










AliABAMA.— Area, 50,73^ square miles. 




Autauga .... 




Covington.., 




Madison 




Shelby 




Baldwin 




Dale 




Marengo 




St. Clair 




Barbour 




Dallas 




Marion 




Sumter 




Bibb 




De Kalb 

Fayette 




Marshall 

Macon 




Tallapoosa... 
Talladega.... 




Blount 




Butler 




Franklin 




Mobile 




Tuscaloosa.. 




Calhoun 




Greene 




Montgomery 


Walker 




Chambers.... 




Henry 




Monroe 




Washington 




Cherokee.... 




Jackson 




Morgan 




Wilcox 




Choctaw 




Jefferson 




Perry 




Winston 




Clarke 

Coffee , 




Lawrence.... 
Lauderdale. 




Pickens 

Pike 














Total 1 


996175 


Conecuh 




Limestone... 




Randolph ... 










Lowndes 

liOUISIAJfA.— Area, 


Russell ...... 

41,355 square miles. 








Ascension.... 


. 11577 


Condordia... 


9977 


Morehouse.. 


9431 


St. J'hnBap. 


8200 


Assumpti'n. 


13217 


De Soto 


14962 


Natchitoch.. 


18265 


St. Landry.. 


24681 


Avoyelles... 


12926 


Feliciana E. 


5623 


Opelousas... 




St. Martin's 


9870 


Bat. Rou. E. 


, 17820 


FelicianaW. 


10498 


Orleans 


191322 


St. Mary's... 


13860 


" " W. 


7500 


Franklin 


5124 


Ouachita.... 


11582 


St. Tam'ny. 


5587 


Bienville 


, 10644 


Grant 


9500 


Plaqu'min's 


10557 


Tangipao.... 


7928 


Bossier 


12675 
, 21719 


Iberia 


9042 
12317 


Point Coup . 
Rapides 


12981 
18015 


Tensas 

Terrebonne. 


12419 


Caddo 


Iberville 


12451 


Calcasieu.... 


6733 


Jackson 


7616 


Richland.... 


5110 


Union 


11684 


Caldwell 


4824 


Jefferson. ... 


17767 


Sabine 


6457 


Vermillion.. 


4528 


Cameron 


1591 


Lafayette... 


10388 


St. Bernard. 


3553 


Washingt'n 


3380 


Carroll 


10110 


Lafourche.... 


14723 


St. Charles.. 


4868 


Winn 


4959 


Cataheula... 


8474 


Livin2;ston.. 


4029 


St. Helena.. 


5423 








Claiborne ... 


20240 


Madison 


16000 


St. James... 


10153 


Total ' 


734420 




IIVDIANA,— Area, 33,809 square miles. 




Adams 


11342 


Fulton 


12717 


Marion 


65296 


Shelby 


21889 


Allen 


46416 


Gibson 


17353 


Marshall 


20377 


Spencer 


18001 


Bartholm'w 


22211 


Grant 


18499 


Martin 


11089 


Starke 


3890 


Benton 


5642 


Greene 


19192 


Miami 


21055 


Steuben 


12854 



108 



Blackford... 6266 Hamilton.... 20894 Montg'mry. 23764 Sullivan 18351 

Boone 22598 Hancock 15112 Monroe 14198 Switzerland 12131 

Brown 8581 Harrison 20005 Morgan 17474 Tipton 11953 

Carroll 16154 Hendricks... 20402 Newton 5826 Tippecanoe. 34703 

Cass 24191 Henry 23036 Noble 20391 Union 6343 

Clinton 17339 Howard 15850 Ohio 5837 Vanderberg. 33146 

Clay 19086 Huntington 19038 Orange 13491 Vermillion.. 10893 

Clarke 24116 Jackson 19413 Osven 16216 Vigo 34554 

Crawford.... 9852 Jasper 6358 Parke 18195 Wabash 21313 

Daviess 16742 Jay 1.5000 Perry 14759 Warren 10207 

Dearborn.... 24118 Jefferson 29737 Pike 10844 Warwick .... 14568 

Decatur 18888 Jennings.... 10212 Porter 1.3038 Washington 17497 

De Kalb 16176 Johnson 18404 Posey 19185 Wayne 31865 



Delaware.... 25284 Knox 

Dubois 12596 Kosciusko. 



21575 Pulaski 7822 Wells 13573 

23929 Putnam 21508 White 10772 



Elkhart 25993 Lagrange.... 11146 Randolph ... 22878 W^hitley 14501 

Fayette 10494 Lake 12352 Ripley 20980 

Floyd 23109 Laporte 27061 Rush 17621 Total 1655675 

Fountain.... 16421 Lawrence ... 14497 St. Joseph... 25287 

Franklin l!)r,13 Madison 22772 Scott 7873 

KENTUCKY — Area,3T,G80 square miles 

Adair 11065 Estill 9198 Laurel 6015 Pendleton... 14030 

Allen 10296 Fayette 26656 Lawrence.... 8497 Perry, 



Anderson... 5449 Fleming 12918 Lee 3055 Pike 

Ballard 12576 Floyd 7877 Letcher 4608 Powell 

Barren 17780 Franklin 15300 Lewis 9000 Pulaski.... 

Bath 9566 Fulton 6161 Lincoln 10947 Robertson.. 

Bouno 10696 Gallatin 5074 Livingston.. 8200 Rockcastle, 

Bourbon...., 14863 Garrard 10376 Logan 20429 Rowan 

Boyd 8507 Grant 9529 

Boyle 9515 Graves 19399 



4274 
9562 
2599 
17669 
5514 
6535 
2991 

Lyon 0233 Russell 5809 

McCracken. 13988 Scott 11607 



Brack<m 11409 Grayson 11580 McLean 7013 Sbelby 15733 

Breathitt.... 5672 Greene 9379 Madison 19543 Simpson 9573 



Breckenr'ge 18141 Greenup 11463 Magoffin 4684 Spencer. 

lullitt 7781 Hancock 6581 Marion 12840 Tavlor. 



Butler 

Caldwell.. 
Callaway. 
Campbell. 



9404 Hardin 15705 Marshall. 



94.57 Todd 



5956 
8267 
12612 



10826 Harlan 4415 Mason 18127 Trigg 13686 



8262 Harrison. 
27406 Hart., 



12877 Meade 



9486 Trimble 5577 



13687 Menifee 1986 Union 13640 



Carroll 6189 Henderson.. 18457 Mercer 13145 Warren 20761 

Carter 7509 Henry 11066 Metcalfe 7934 Washington 12164 

Casey 8884 Hickman.... 84.53 Monroe 9281 Wavne 10602 

Christian.... 20802 Hopkins 13827 Montg-mery 7557 Webster 10937 

Clarke 10882 Jackson 4,547 Morgan 5975 Wbitley 8278 

Clay 71(X) J.llerson 118956 Muhlenberg 12638 WoUe 3603 

Clinton 6381 Jessamine... 8638 Nelson 14804 Woodford... 8240 

Crittenden., 9882 Johnson 7498 Nicholas 9129 

Cumberland 7690 Josh Bell.... .3731 Ohio 22638 Total 1320407 

Daviess 20714 Kenton 36096 Oldham 9027 

E.hiionson... 44.59 Kno.x 8276 Owen 14309 

Elliott 4433 Larue 8235 Owsley .3889 

FliORIDA.— Area, .59,308 .square miles. 

Alachner.... 17348 Gadsden 9794 Madison 11023 Sumter 2952 

Baker 1825 Hamilton... .5739 Manatee 1899 Taylor 1452- 



Bradford 3671 Hernando... 2989 Marion. 

Brevard 1216 Hillsbor'ugh ,3216 Monroe. 

Calhoun 998 Holmes Nassau.. 

Clay 2099 Jackson 9-527 Orange.. 

Columbia... 7325 Jefferson LS410 Polk 

Dade Lafayette... 1873 Putnam. 



Diivall 11932 Leon 15837 Santa Rosa.. 



Volusa 1723 

Wakulla 2506 

4259 Walton 

2194 Washington 2302 

3196 

.3821 Total 189995 



Escamlda.. 



Levv. 



2018 St. John's... 2618 



Franklin 2256 Liberty 1052 Suwanee 3591 



109 



KANSAS.— Area, 78,418 squars miles. 



Allen 

Anderson ... 
Atchison .... 

Barbour 

Barton 

Boiirbon 

Breckinr'ge 

Brown 

Butler 

Chase 

Cherokee.... 

Clarke 

Clay 

Cloud 

Coffee 

Comanche... 

Cowley 

Crawford.... 

Davis..... 

Dickinson... 
Doniphan.... 

Dorn 

Douglas 

Ellis 

Ellsworth... 

Ford 

Franklin 

Graham 



702.3 
5220 
15507 



15076 

6824 

8035 

1980 

11047 

2942 
2328 
6210 

1175 

8160 
8998 
3043 



20604 
1886 

lias 

10085 



Greenwood.. 

Godfrey 

Gove 

Harper 

Hodgeman.. 

Howard 

Jackson 

Jefferson 

Jewell 

Johnson 

Kiowa 

Labette 

Leavenw'th 

Lincoln 

Linn 

Lykins 

Lyon 

Madison 

Marion 

Marshall 

McGhee 

McPherson. 

Miami 

Mitchell 

Montgjom'ry 

Morris 

Nemaha 

Ness 



3484 



2794 
6053 

12526 
207 

13684 

9496 

32444 

516 

12174 

8024 

768 
6904 



II725 

4,88 

. 7564 

2225 

7339 

2 



Neosho 9610 

Norton 

Osage 7648 

Osborne 33 

Otoe 

Ottawa 2127 

Pawnee 179 

Phillips 

Pott'wat'mie 7848 

Pratt 

Reno 

Republic .... 1281 

Rice 5 

Riley 5105 

Rooks 

Rush 1 

Russell 156 

Saline 4246 

Sedgwick.... 1095 

Shawnee 15121 

Smith 66 

Stafford 

Sumner 

Trego 166 

Wabaunsee. 3362 

Wallace 538 

Washington 4081 

Wilson 6694 



Woodson 3827 

Wyandott... 10019 



Total 379497 

NEBRASKA. 

Total 116888 

NEVADA. 

Churchill ... 196 

Douglass .... 1215 

Esmeralda... 1553 

Elko 3447 

Humboldt... 1916 

Lander 2S15 

Lincoln 2185 

Lyon 1837 

Nve 1087 

Ormsby 3668 

Pahute 765 

Roop 133 

Sforoy 11359 

Washoe 3091 

White Pine. 7189 



Total 



42456 



110 



TERRITORIES, 



Arizona. 

Mohave 179 

Pima 5716 

Yavapai 2142 

Yuma 1621 

Total 9658 

Colox'ado. 

Arauahoe ... 6829 

Bent 592 

Boulder 1939 

Clear Creek 1596 

Couejos 2479 

Costello 1779 

Douglas 1388 

El Paso 987 

Fremont.... 1064 

Gilpin 5490 

Greenwood. 510 

Huerfano ... 2250 

Jefferson.... 2390 

Lake 522 

Laiimer 838 

Las Animas 4276 

Park 447 

Puebla 22ft5 

Sagnache.... 304 

Summit 258 

Weld; 1478 

Total 396S1 

Dakota. 

Bon Homme 608 

Brookings... 163 



Buffalo 

Charles Mix 

Clay 

Denel 

Hutchison... 

Jayne 

Lincoln 

Minnehaha. 
Pembina.... 

Todd 

Union 

Yankton 

Unorganized 



246 
152 
2621 
37 
37 

712 
355 
1213 
337 
3507 
2097 
2091 



Jefferson.... 1531 
Lewis & Clark 5041 

Madison 2684 

Meagher 1387 

Missoula 2554 



Total 14181 



Idalio. 

Ada 2675 

Alturas 685 

Boise 3833 

Idaho 849 

L°mhi 988 

Nez Perces.. 1495 

Oneida 1922 

Owyhee 1713 

Shoshone.... 722 



Total 14882 



Montana. 

Beaver Head 722 

Big Horn.... 38 

Chouteau.... 517 

Dawson J 77 

Deer Lodge. 4364 

Gallatin 1579 



Total 20594 



IVew Mexico. 

Arizona 

Bernalillo... 7569 

Colfax 1993 

Dona Anna.. 5863 

Mora 8056 

Rio Arriba.. 7641 

Santa Anna 2124 

Santa Fe.... 8930 

San Miguel. 16021 

Socorro 6410 

Taos 9707 

Valentia 8925 



Total 86122 



Utali. 

Total 70000 



"Washington. 

Chehalis 401 

Clallam 408 

Clark 3081 

Cowlitz 730 

Island 626 

Jefferson 1268 

King 2120 

Kitsap 866 



Klikitat 329 

Lewis 888 

Mason 289 

Pacific 738 

Pierce 1409 

Skamania.... 133 

Swawamish 575 

Stevens 734 

Thurston.... 2246 

Waukiakum 270 

Walla Walla 5300 

Whatcum.... 534 

Yakima 432 

Disputed Isls 524 

23901 

Indians 24 

Total 23925 

"Wyoming. 

Albany 2021 

Carbon 1368 

Laramie 2957 

Sweetwater 1916 

Uintah 856 

Total 9118 



Di. Columbia. 

Georgetown 11385 
Washingt'n 109204 
Bal. ofDis't 11117 



Total 131706 



IIJDEX. 



Air, qualities of, 31 ; capacity for mois- 
ture, 34; vapors in spaces filled 
with, 3J; composition of, 34. 

Amazon river, 43 

Amending and appealing, 19 

Answers to letters, 3 

Application by actual inventor, 17; 
ft*eoD, 7; signing and witnessing, 
12; not refused because known in 
another country, IS 

Assignee of invention, 7 

Assignment, recorded, 7 ; require- 
ments in regard to, 24 

Astei-oids, 43 

Atmosnhere, weight of, 38; height 
of, S8 

Atlantic ocean, depth of, 43 

Australian patents, 64 

Austrian patents, 70 

Axle grease, 31 



Bath metal, composition, 43 
Bavarian patents, 6S 
Belgium, patents in, 60 
Bell metal, composition, 50 
Benzole. 43 
Book, object of, 3 
Brass, coloring, 41 
Bronzing wood, 44 
Burns, remedy for, 51 



Cannon ball, velocity of, -31 

Carbon, 41 

Caveat, 9; fee and receiving prece- 
dence, 9 

Cement, jewellers, 35; for steam 
pipes, 42 

Ceylon, patents in, 70 

Circle, area of, 12 

Cities of the U. S., population of, 58 

Clouds, height of, 33 ; the cirrus com- 
posed offtakes of snow, 33 

Coal districts, products of, 50 

Cold, artificial, 41 

Colonies of England, patents in, 69 

Compass, 40 

Copyrights, cost, how obtained, 18 

Coral, artificial, 38 



Cords, strength of, 38 

Correspondents, 10 

Cuban patents, 66 

Census, by counties, of every state, 99 

D 

Day and night, length of, 47 

Denmark, patents in, 69 

Dew, production of, -33 ; efi"ect on the 

thermometer, 34 
Diamond, refraction of, 36 
Disclaimers, nature of, 24 
Drawings of inventions, 27-28 ; ren- 
dered permanent, 48 
E 
Earth, the weight of, 42; density 

of, 50 
East Indian patents, 69 
Electricity, speed of, 12 
Elements, number of, 40 
Ellipsis, area of, 16 
English patents, 63 
Extensions, given when, cost etc., 22 

F 
Eac-similes of signatures, etc., 49 
Fuel, effect of different kinds, 45; 

table of power, 47 
French patents, 63 
G 
Gases, expansion of, 34; absorption 

of heat, 50 
German principalities, patents in, 69; 

German silver, 51 
Glue, 41 : waterproof, 42 
Gold lining, -39 
Gravity, force of, 36 ; to find specific 

41 
Grease, removing, 35 
Greece patents in, 69 
Gun Cotton, 49 
Gunpowder, force of, 36 ; composition 

of, 33 
Gutta-percha, to dissolve, 14 

H 

Hearing, 25 

Heat, transmission of by various sub- 
stances, 29 ; non-conductors, 36 ; 
penetration of sun"s heat, 38 ; heat 
of the human body, 49 



INDEX. 



Holland, patents in, 65 

Hood, Robert, experiments, 50 

Hungarian patents, 65 



Ice, 45 

Iceland Spar, 49 

Inclined plane, 56 

Ink, 36; copying, 36, green and black, 
87 

Invention, abroad, 7 ; character of in- 
ventions, 8; opinions in regard to, 
8 ; while being reduced to practice, 
9; progress of, 26; explaining, 27 
and 28; the result of exertion. 49 

Inventors, advice to, 6 ; may obtain 
patent for any new result, 8; joint 
inventors, 16 

Interferences, what causes, etc., 23 

Iron, tempering, 41 ; rust, 42 ; sheet, 
43; product in the U. S.,51 

Italian patents, 69 

Ivoiy, to soften, 48 



Lapsed cases, 20 

Leap year, J6 

Light, colored rays of, 40; velocity 

of, 40 
Lightning, reflection of 45 
Liquids, pressure of, 37 ; expansion of 

as compared with solids, 34 



Machinery, laying out and estimating 
cost, 25 

Marble, to clean, 44; extracting oil 
from, 44 

Mechanics, 49; mechanical powers, 
57 

Mercury, 41 

Metals, hard white, 49; reflecting 
powers of, 29 ; hardness of, 4 ; con- 
ducting powers ol, 29; radiating 
powers of, 29 ; ductility and mallea- 
bility of, 32 

Model, 7,10 and 12; when required, 
etc., 14 

Moon, path of, 39 ; size of, 43 

Motion, 39 

N 

Name, in full, 12 

Norwegian patents, 68 

New Zealand, patents in, 70 



Oil, non-corroding, 46 

P 
Pacific ocean, depth of, 43 
Paper, fire-proof, 42 ; copying, 42 
Parchment, imitation of, 44 



Patent, nature and effect of, 5 ; differ- 
ent forms of securing, 5; applied 
for in this country first, 8 ; cost and 
directions in regard to, 11; design 
patents 13; trade-marks, 15; to 
women and minors, 17; foreign 
patents, 61; United States patent 
law, 72 

Physical influences, uniform law in 
regard to, 34 

Platinum, 50 

Polish for boots, etc., 50 

Portugal, patents in, 68 

Power, calculating, 37 ; man and horse 
compared, 32 

Preliminary examination, 10 

Prussian patents, 66 



Rain, average fall, 35 ; yearly fall, 44 ; 

localities compared, 4-5 
Re-issue, 7 ; object, cost, who may 

obtain, etc., 21 
Rejection, manufacture after, 10; 

rejected cases, 20 
Ropes and cables, strength of, 32 
Rule No, 23 of Patent Office, 17 
Russian patents, 65 



Saxony, patents in, 67 

Screw, the, 56 

Sealing Wax, colored, 36 

Silica, 41 

Silver, 43; permanent black for, 44; 
plated good.*, re-silvering, 47 

Soldering, for brass ferrules, 47 

Solvent, for putty, etc., 41 

Somnambuli>m. curing, 39 

Sound, travels, 12,37 ; through various 
substances, 30; in lecture room, 37- 
88 ; distance traversed by, 42 

Spanish patents, 66 

States of the Unii.n, population of, 60 

Steel, strength of, 37 

Suez Canal, jassage of, 39 

Sun, eclipse of, 44 



Tasmania, patents in, 71 

Telescopes, first made, 44 

Temperature, increase, 35 ; Arctic, .35 ; 
of soil, 42: intensity of, 44; highest 
and lowest recorded, 31 ; of space 
above the earth's afmosplipre, 31; 
average of different places, 33 

Thermometers, comparative table, 51 

Tide, difference in time, 4 

Tortoise shell, soldering, 48 

Trade Mark, cost, who may obtain, 
etc., 15 

Turkish patents, 66 



NDEX. 



Vacuum, fall of bodies in, 40 ; boiling 
point in, 42 

Velocity of projectiles, 38; and force, 
40 ; in vacuo, 40 

Victoria, patents in, 70 
W 

Water, boils in vacuo, 32-42; boiling 
point of, 35-51; raisiog, 35; dis- 
charging, 37; weight of, 38; com- 
position, 38 ; expansion of, 41 ; 
amount of in human body, 43 ; table 
of pi-essure, 46 ; distilled, 49 

Water-wheels, calculating power of, 48 



Waves, size of, 38 

Weight of a cubic foot of various sub- 
stances, 32 

Wedge, 55 

Weldable metals, 41 ; mixture for, Ui 

Wheel and axle, 55 

Wheels, toothed, making, 45 

Windows, prismatic diamonds for, 45 

Wires, strength of, 38 

Woods, strength of, 4 ; after exposure 
to water, 10; how to petrify, 32; 
comparative economy of burning 
green and dry, 33 ; weight of, 34 

Writing machines, 49 

Wurtemburg, patents in, 68 



